This beautiful little aphid was colllected in 1927, by Messrs. J. Stanley and H. Hulbert, and further material was also received from Mr. W. Downes from an American elm growing in the grounds of the Empress Hotel, Victoria, B. C.

The reproductive cycles of the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown, were studied in the field in Manitoba from 1974 to 1978. Vitellogenesis is initiated within the first 3 days after emergence from aestivation in early August. Oviposition begins soon after the first eggs are developed, usually within the first 8 days after emergence. The rate of egg laying reaches a peak within 2 weeks after the initiation of oviposition and then declines gradually during the remainder of the oviposition period. Almost all eggs were laid between mid-August and mid-October. The average numbers of eggs laid per mated female in three oviposition studies were as follows: 1 female per cage (1974), 254±74 (±SE) (range, 11–696); 1 female per cage (1976), 273±47 (range, 0–622); and 25 females per cage (1974), 426±3 (range, 392–462). The most eggs were laid at the lowest temperature regime tested (6–20°C; mean, 12°C). Copulation is initiated in males and females during the 1st day after emergence from aestivation and both mate many times. Stimuli associated with copulation and (or) insemination enhance egg output, but are not required for the initiation of vitellogenesis and oviposition. Males transfer sufficient spermatozoa to the females during the first one or more copulations that occur during the first 8 days after emergence to fertilize almost all eggs produced. A system for classifying the stages of oocyte development is described.

Much of the losses due to insects in stored grain occur when infestations remain unnoticed because of infrequent or inadequate sampling, There is clearly a need for a simple, sensitive method of indicating the presence of insects in stored grain before they become sufficiently numerous to occur in grain samples.

At the Winnipeg laboratory, jars of water are sometimes used to increase the relative humidity above wheat containing cultures of rhe rusty grain beetle, Laemophloeus ferrugineus Steph. The fact that adults were often trapped in the water suggested a method of detecting insect infestations in stored grain. This paper reports field and laboratory experiments on the general usefulness of a water-trap to detect insects in stored grain.

Observations of apple blotch leafminer moths, Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens), during daylight hours in commercial apple orchards in New England from 1982 through 1984 indicated a diurnal pattern of activity. Substantial flight in the morning, almost exclusively by males, was associated with mating, and lesser flight from midafternoon until darkness, predominantly by females, was associated with oviposition. Moths were comparatively inactive during midday hours, at which time they were located primarily on the lower third of the tree trunk during the first moth flight (overwintering generation moths), and on leaves during the second and third moth flights (first and second generation moths, respectively). Moths were concentrated at the inner half of the tree canopy during all three moth flights, and especially below 1.5 m height during the first moth flight.

Pseudoscorpions are microarthropods that are distributed from the equator to beyond the Arctic circle. Wyochernes asiaticus (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae) is the northernmost species of pseudoscorpion and is broadly distributed in Beringia, an Arctic and sub-Arctic region that remained unglaciated during the last glacial maximum. Wyochernes asiaticus is anoxia tolerant and has moderate cold tolerance, but nothing is known about the molecular basis of their survival in Canadian polar environments. We de novo assembled and characterised the transcriptome of W. asiaticus collected from the Yukon Territory in northwestern Canada. We assembled an approximately 62.6-million base-pair transcriptome with a mean contig length of 1277, which was 76% complete, according to a benchmark universal single copy orthologue (BUSCO) analysis. We identified 1100 transcripts encoding proteins associated with stress tolerance in these pseudoscorpions, including heat shock proteins, antioxidants, ubiquitination and proteosomal proteins, and sirtuins. We also identified transcripts encoding putative venom proteins. We highlight eight transcripts with high sequence similarity to sequences of venom proteins (ctenitoxins and agatoxins) described from other pseudoscorpions. Our study yields the first transcriptome of a Beringian arthropod, providing important sequence information that will allow future investigation of how W. asiaticus survives in Canadian polar environments.

Qualitative and quantitative changes in the neutral lipid content of hemolymph of gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar L., were assayed in larval, pupal, and adult stages. The major neutral lipid constituents of the hemolymph were 1,2-diacylglycerols and ranged in nominal concentration from 1.6–3.4 (larval), 3.1–4.9(pupal),toamaximumof 19.3 μg lipid per microlitre hemolymph in the adult male. When detected, triacylglycerols and monoacylglycerols never exceed diacylglycerol concentrations. The fatty acid composition of 1,2-diacylglycerols from adult male moths (0–12 h after emergence) was determined as fatty acid methyl esters using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Nine fatty acid structures have been assigned. Of these, five are saturated, unbranched, aliphatic fatty acids (C14:0 – C18:0) which comprise 80.5% of the total fatty acid abundance. The remaining four fatty acids consist of two saturated, methyl-branched, aliphatic compounds, a mono-unsaturated aliphatic acid, and a tri-unsaturated, tricyclic, diterpenoid acid.

Phlepsius lascivius, n. sp.—Resembling altus, slightly larger and lighter coloured; margin of the vertex black either side of a light tip. Length 6 mm.; width 2mm.

Head as wide as the pronotum, vertex depressed at the base, anteriorly convex and rounding to the front, the apex slightly angled, hardly half longer than at eye, two and one-half times wider than long, more than half as long as the pronotum, front broad, convex in both diameters, roundingly narrowing below; clypeus with the margins straight; elytra rather stout and straight, flaring behind, the claval nervures parallel, not united.

Since the publication of my revision of the North American species of this genus, the food-plants of the larvae of several species, at the time unknown, have been ascertained. The recording of these, together with a few other notes that have been made from time to time in the course of identification work, form the basis of the present paper.

A droplet-imbibing assay was used to assess the susceptibility of third-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, to Foray 48B, a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki containing 12.7 billion international units (IU) per litre. We observed an LD50 of 1.17 IU/larva for third instars, as compared with 3.96 IU/larva for fifth instars. Comparison with previously published data on susceptibility of later instars revealed that third instars were two-to three-fold more susceptible to Foray 48B than fourth and fifth instars and about eightfold more susceptible than sixth instars. Vulnerability of third instars to simulated aerial spray deposits was investigated by using potted balsam firs, Abies balsamea L. Potted trees were infested in the greenhouse when the buds were starting to swell, using a density of about one newly emerged second-instar larva per bud. When 90% of the larvae had reached the third instar and 52% of the buds were breaking (4 d after infesting), infested twigs were harvested and sprayed with undiluted Foray 48B in a spray chamber. Spray droplets on the buds measured between 25 and 125 μm in diameter, with 80% having a diameter of 80 μm or less. A density of 4.2 ± 1.0 droplets per bud resulted in spruce budworm mortality of 83.4 ± 4.0% and a corresponding reduction in larval density of 86.5 ± 3.9% (means ± SD, n = 6) after 5 d at 25 °C. Results of the spray chamber test suggest that third-instar spruce budworms were able to acquire a lethal dose, despite their concealed feeding habits.

The genus Frontiniella Townsend is transferred from the Eryciini to the Goniini, based on the production of microtype eggs in adult females. Frontiniella is known only from the Nearctic Region and the northern extreme of the Neotropical Region. Eufrontina Brooks is newly synonymized with Frontiniella and all species formerly placed in that genus are transferred to Frontiniella. Frontiniella is hypothesized to be monophyletic based on two derived character states: long hairs on the male surstylus, and elongate posterior spiracles on the puparium. Two species groups are recognized, one with six species and the other with four: the parancilla-group with F. parancilla Townsend, F. incarcerata sp.nov. (type-locality Hwy. 366, Graham Co., Arizona, USA), F. spectabilis (Aldrich) (new combination), F. surstylata sp.nov. (type-locality near Olustee, Florida, USA), F. jorgenseni sp.nov. (type-locality 20 miles northwest of Kenna, New Mexico, USA), and F. ethniae (Brooks) (new combination); and the festinans-group with F. festinans (Aldrich and Webber), F. apache sp.nov. (type-locality Sulphur Draw, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, USA), F. mitis (Curran), and F. regilla (Reinhard). This revision includes a key to the 10 known species of Frontiniella, a description of each species (including puparium where known), maps of species distributions, an annotated list of hosts (including corrections to previously published records and additions from material examined), and illustrations of taxonomically useful features.

In Osten Sacken's well-known catalogue of Diptera ten species of Phora are credited to our fauna. Of these I have been unable to find any Phorid described by Fabricins under the name of atra., The author who first used this name appears to have been Meigen; in his Klass. Besch. Eur. Zwei. Insect (1804), this author describes a Trineura atra, but in his later work (Syst. Besch. Eur. Zwei. Insect, 1830) this name is relegated as a synonym of Musca aterrima, Fabr. (Ent. Syst., 1798). In the recent revision of the Austrian Phoridæ, by Strobl (Wiener Ent.Zeitung, 1892, pp. 193–204), no mention is made of a Phora atra, Fabr. The reference in the catalogue should therefore be credited to Meigen, and transferred as a synonym of Trineura aterrina, Fabr.

A species of Plagiognathus Fieber damaging alfalfa in Western Canada has been variously reported as Plagiognathus obscurus Uhler, Plagiognathus obscurus fraternus Uhler, or Plagiognathus sp., (Arnason et al., 1948, 1951; Handford and Neilson, 1950, 1951; McMahon et al., 1949, 1950; McMahon 1950 a and b; McDonald et al., 1952-1955).

Preliminary studies of the effectiveness of benzene hexachloride, or more exactly 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6–hexachlorocyclohexane, against the paralysis tick, Dermacentor andersononi Stiles, have revealed an acaricide more promising than any hitherto tested by this laboratory.

Various biological parameters of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) were investigated to maximize mass-rearing efficiency of this insect. Average percentage emergence from a cohort of uniformly aged pupae was 90.0% of which 37.0% were males. A significant difference in the among-day emergence sequences from a pupal cohort was detected with 77.5% of all females and 80.1% of all males emerging during the first 2 days of the emergence sequence. Adults emerging on day 3 within the emergence sequence lived significantly longer than did flies emerging on the other days within the sequence. Male flies lived an average of 9.9 days or 33.1% less than the 14.8-day average for female flies. Cage size was also found to influence adult longevity significantly with the greatest average longevity (20 days for females and 12 days for males) occurring in 385.6-cm3 cages. Emergence time within an emergence sequence and the physical size of an experimental unit are two previously experimentally undocumented sources of variation influencing longevity of Liriomyza. A significant nonlinear relationship between the number of flies leaving the rearing cages (as a result of normal rearing procedures) and the daily number of pupal L. trifolii added to each cage was detected. From these biological parameters, a birth and death rate simulation model was developed to predict adult population sizes of L. trifolii within a mass-rearing program. The gender-specific simulation model consisted of adult emergence (quantified in terms of the adult emergence sequence from a known number of pupae entered into each rearing culture), and adult death rate (quantified in terms of the survivorship of adults within the culture and the number of adults escaping from the culture). The adult population sizes predicted by the simulation model were not significantly different from the average population sizes observed from the rearing cages in validation studies utilizing normal mass-rearing practices. Use of this model should reduce the effort expended on maintaining host populations for commercial mass-production of natural enemies of L. trifolii.

Enaphalodes rufulus (Haldeman) (red oak borer; Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a native wood borer that colonises and develops in oaks (Quercus Linnaeus; Fagaceae) across southeastern Canada and the eastern United States of America. It is rarely considered a pest because it normally occurs at low population density levels in stressed or dying oak trees. In the late 1990s and early 2000s there was a large, historically unique outbreak of E. rufulus in the Ozark mountains of Arkansas and Missouri, United States of America. This outbreak provided an opportunity to investigate within-tree spatial distribution of attacks during unusually high insect population levels. Fifty trees from northern Arkansas were felled and destructively sampled. The locations of attack sites by female E. rufulus were standardised across varying heights and diameters for comparison across trees. Attack sites showed a significant clustered pattern within trees. Attack sites were aggregated towards the lower and middle bole, and on the south-facing side of trees. This pattern has been seen in other insects, including wood borers, and is potentially related to differences in temperature. These patterns of ovipositional behaviour in outbreak situations have implications for E. rufulus resource partitioning and facultative intraguild predation among larvae.

Parasitoids of the overwintering generation of the introduced pine sawfly were surveyed in Minnesota. The parasitization rate was greatest in cocoons collected from foliage in fall 1971, but there was nearly complete mortality of sawflies and parasitoids in cocoons above the snowline by April 1972. Monodontomerus dentipes (Dalm.) most commonly emerged from cocoons collected from trees and shrubs in fall 1971. Exenterus amictorius (Panz.) was the most common parasitoid of cocoons collected from duff in both 1971 and 1972.

Zodion palpalis, n. sp.

♀.—Black, gray pollinose; face yellow, cheeks yellow, one-half the eye height; front reddish yellow, a narrow black line on each side above; antennæ reddish, second joint shorter than third; palpi black, quite long, clavate; mesonotum without stripes; scutellum with about twelve slender bristles; legs black, knees testaceous; wings subhyaline; first four segments of abdomen with large, subtriangular opaque black spots, last segment black, shining. Length, 5 mm.

Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones) are soil animals with extremely low dispersal abilities that experienced allopatric differentiation. To clarify the morphological and phylogenetic differentiation of the endemic harvestman Zepedanulus ishikawai (Suzuki, 1971) (Laniatores: Epedanidae) in the southern part of the Ryukyu Archipelago, we conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses and divergence time estimates based on CO1 and 16S rRNA sequences of mtDNA, the 28S rRNA sequence of nrDNA, and the external morphology. A phylogenetic tree based on mtDNA sequences indicated that individuals of Z. ishikawai were monophyletic and were divided into clade I and clade II. This was supported by the nrDNA phylogenetic tree. Although clades I and II were distributed sympatrically on all three islands examined (Ishigaki, Iriomote, and Yonaguni), heterogeneity could not be detected by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism of nrDNA, indicating that clades I and II do not have a history of hybridisation. Also, several morphological characters differed significantly between individuals of clade I and clade II. The longstanding isolation of the southern Ryukyus from the surrounding islands enabled estimation of the original morphological characters of both clades of Z. ishikawai.