Dans cet article nous considerons l'inégalité

où les xi désignent les nombres réels qui remplissent les conditions suivantes

Cette inégalité est proposée par H. S. Shapiro [1].

Recently, q-Dedekind-type sums related to q-zeta function and basic L-series are studied by Simsek in [13] (Y. Simsek, q-Dedekind type sums related to q-zeta function and basic L-series, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 318 (2006), 333–351) and Dedekind-type sums related to Euler numbers and polynomials are introduced in the previous paper [11] (T. Kim, Note on Dedekind type DC sums, Adv. Stud. Contem. Math. 18 (2009), 249–260). It is the purpose of this paper to construct a p-adic continuous function for an odd prime to contain a p-adic q-analogue of the higher order Dedekind the type sums related to q-Euler polynomials and numbers by using an invariant p-adic q-integrals.

Throughout this paper we consider associative rings with identity and assume that all modules are unitary. As is well known, cyclic modules play an important role in ring theory. Many nice properties of rings can be characterized by their cyclic modules, even by their simple modules. See, for example, [2], [3], [6], [7], [13], [14], [15], [16], [18], [21]. One of the most important results in this direction is the result of Osofsky [14, Theorem] which says: a ring R is semisimple (i.e. right artinian with zero Jacobson radical) if and only if every cyclic right R-module is injective. The other one is due to Vamos [18]: a ring R is right artinian if and only if every cyclic right R-module is finitely embedded.

A Banach space sE has the Grothendieck property if every (linear bounded) operator from E into c0 is weakly compact. It is proved that, for an integer k > 1, every k-homogeneous polynomial from E into c0 is weakly compact if and only if the space (kE) of scalar valued polynomials on E is reflexive. This is equivalent to the symmetric A>fold projective tensor product of £(i.e., the predual of (kE)) having the Grothendieck property. The Grothendieck property of the projective tensor product EF is also characterized. Moreover, the Grothendieck property of E is described in terms of sequences of polynomials. Finally, it is shown that if every operator from E into c0 is completely continuous, then so is every polynomial between these spaces.

A free product sixth-group (FPS-group) is, roughly speaking, a free product of groups with a number of additional defining relators, where, if two of these relators have a subword in common, then the length of this subword is less than one sixth of the lengths of either of the two relators.

Britton [1,2] has proved a general algebraic result for FPS-groups and has used this result in a discussion of the word problem for such groups.

A group is called metacyclic in case both its commutator subgroup and commutator quotient group are cyclic. Thus a metacyclic group is a cyclic extension of a cyclic group, and metacyclic groups are among the best understood of the nonabelian groups. Many interesting groups are metacyclic. For instance, the dihedral groups and the “odd” dicyclic groups are metacyclic; see [4, pp. 9–11] for more examples. Here we shall consider the actions of these groups on bordered Klein surfaces.

The purpose of this note is to prove the following result.

Theorem 1. Let n be an integer greater than zero. There exists a prime Noetherian ring R of Krull dimension n + 1 and a finitely generated essential extension W of a simple R-module V suchthat

(i) W has Krull dimension n, and

(ii) W/V is n-critical and cannot be embedded in any of its proper submodules.

We refer the reader to [6] for the definition and properties of Krull dimension.

The notation in this paper will be standard and it may be found in [2] or [8]. Throughout the paper, the notation A ⊂' B will mean that A is an essential submodule of the module B. Given an arbitrary ring R and R-modules M and N, we say that M is weakly N-injective if and only if every map φ:N → E(M) from N into the injective hull E(M) of M may be written as a composition σ〫 , where :N→M and σ:M→E(M) is a monomorphism. This is equivalent to saying that for every map φ:N→E(M), there exists a submodule X of E(M), isomorphic to M, such that φ(N) is contained in X. In particular, M is weakly R-injective if and only if, for every x ∈ E(M), there exists X ⊂ E(M) such that x ∈ X ≌ M. We say that M is weakly-injective if and only if it is weakly N-innjective for every finitely generated module N. Clearly, M is weakly-injective if and only if, for every finitely generated submodule N of E(M), there exists X ⊂ E(M) such that N ⊂ X ≌ M.

If α is a real irrational number, there exist infinitely many reduced rational fractions p/q for which

and √5 is the best constant possible. This result is due to A. Hurwitz. The following generalization was proposed in [2]. Let Г be a finitely generated fuchsian group acting on H+, the upper half of the complex plane. Let ℒ be the limit set of Г P and the set of cusps (parabolic vertices). Assume ∞∊P. Then if α∊ℒ–P, we have

for infinitely many p/q∊Г(∞), where k depends only on Г. Attention centers on

k running over the set for which (1.2) holds. We call hthe Hurwitz constant for Г. When Г=Г(1), the modular group, (1.2) reduces to (1.1) and h(Г(l))=√5. A proof of (1.2) when Г is horocyclic (i.e., ℒ=ℝ, the real axis) was furnished by Rankin [4]; he also found upper and lower bounds for h. See also [3, pp. 334–5], where the theorem is proved for arbitrary finitely generated Г.

A left R-module M is called two-degree Gorenstein flat if there exists an exact sequence of Gorenstein flat left R-modules ⋅⋅⋅ → G2 → G1 → G0 → G−1 → G−2 → ⋅⋅⋅ such that M ≅ Ker(G0 → G−1) and it remains exact after applying H ⊗R- for any Gorenstein injective right R-module H. In this paper we first give some characterisations of Gorenstein flat objects in the category of complexes of modules and then use them to show that two notions of the two-degree Gorenstein flat and the Gorenstein flat left R-modules coincide when R is right coherent.

Let denote the contracted semigroup ring of the ompletely 0-simple semigroup D over the ring R. The Rees structure theory of completely 0-simple semigroups is used to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions that have zero radical (Theorem 3.8). By using Amitsur's construction of the upper π-radical [1], we are able to treat the Jacobson, Baer (prime), Levitzki (locally nilpotent) and possibly the nil radicals simultaneously. Our results generalize a theorem of Munn [6] on semigroup algebras of finite 0-simple semigroups.

In a recent paper [7], Rooney used a technique involving the Mellin transform to obtain solutions in certain spaces ℒμ, ρ of an integral equation which had been studied previously by Šub-Sizonenko [9]. The integral equation in question can be written as

where I denotes the identity operator and G0.1/2 is given by

with the inversion formula obtained by Rooney taking the form

Rooney verified that (1.1) and (1.2) formed an inversion pair in ℒμ, ρ for 1 ≤ p < ∞ and μ > 0.

Let K be a field which contains a primitive nth root of unity w if n is odd and a primitive 2nth root of unity ζ such that ζ2 = w if n is even.

In structures having high strength-to-weight ratios such as those used in aerospace applications, the presence of mechanical imperfections can reduce the capability of the structure to perform as intended. Thus, it becomes essential to account for the localized intensification of the stresses around through or surface cracks, which might trigger fracture under applied loads. This type of study is currently receiving great research emphasis.

In this paper we continue the investigation of minimal conditions on semigroups begun by J. A. Green [3] and taken up by Munn [5]. A unified account of the results in [3] and [5], together with some additional material, is presented in the text-book by Clifford and Preston [1, §6.6]. All terminology and notation not introduced explicitly willbe as in [1].

We introduce the class of partially invertible modules and show that it is an inverse category which we call the Picard inverse category. We use this category to generalize the classical construction of crossed products to, what we call, generalized epsilon-crossed products and show that these coincide with the class of epsilon-strongly groupoid-graded rings. We then use generalized epsilon-crossed groupoid products to obtain a generalization, from the group-graded situation to the groupoid-graded case, of the bijection from a certain second cohomology group, defined by the grading and the functor from the groupoid in question to the Picard inverse category, to the collection of equivalence classes of rings epsilon-strongly graded by the groupoid.

The aim of this paper is to discuss some relations among hereditary, strong and stable radicals. In particular we investigate hereditariness of lower strong and stable radicals. Some facts obtained are related to some results and questions of [2, 6, 7].

All rings in the paper are associative. Fundamental definitions and properties of radicals may be found in [9]. Definitions of hereditary and strong radicals are used as in Sands [7]. We say that a radical S is left (right) stable if

(ρ): for every ring R and every left (right) ideal I of R it follows S(I)⊆S(R).

Let ℝn → ℝ be a weighted homogeneous polynomial such that df(0) = 0, L = {x ∈ Sn−1|f(x) = 0}, and let χ(L) be the Euler characteristic of L. The problem is how to calculate χ(L) in terms of f.

Sather-Wagstaff et al. proved in [8] (S. Sather-Wagsta, T. Sharif and D. White, Stability of Gorenstein categories, J. Lond. Math. Soc.(2), 77(2) (2008), 481–502) that iterating the process used to define Gorenstein projective modules exactly leads to the Gorenstein projective modules. Also, they established in [9] (S. Sather-Wagsta, T. Sharif and D. White, AB-contexts and stability for Goren-stein at modules with respect to semi-dualizing modules, Algebra Represent. Theory14(3) (2011), 403–428) a stability of the subcategory of Gorenstein flat modules under a procedure to build R-modules from complete resolutions. In this paper we are concerned with another kind of stability of the class of Gorenstein flat modules via-à-vis the very Gorenstein process used to define Gorenstein flat modules. We settle in affirmative the following natural question in the setting of a left GF-closed ring R: Given an exact sequence of Gorenstein flat R-modules G = ⋅⋅⋅ G2G1G0G−1G−2 ⋅⋅⋅ such that the complex H ⊗RG is exact for each Gorenstein injective right R-module H, is the module M:= Im(G0 → G−1) a Gorenstein flat module?

In this paper, a dual version of the Mountain Pass Theorem and the Generalized Mountain Pass Theorem are extended to functions that are locally Lipschitz only. An application involving elliptic hemivariational inequalities is next examined.