The asymptotic behavior of the solutions of ordinary nonlinear differential equations will be considered here. The growth of the solutions of a differential equation will be discussed by establishing criteria to determine when the differential equation does not possess a solution that is an element of the space Lp(0, ∞)(p ≧ 1).

In this paper we shall discuss maximal nonparabolic and maximal normal nonparabolic subgroups of the modular group Г = 〈ω, φ; ω2 =φ3 = 1〉. The modular group may also be defined as the group of fractional linear transformations w = (az+b)/(cz+d), where a, b, c, d are rational integers with ad − bc = 1. Here, a maximal nonparabolic subgroup of Г is a subgroup that contains no parabolic elements and any proper subgroup of Г which contains S contains parabolic elements. Similarly, a maximal normal nonparabolic subgroup is a normal nonparabolic subgroup of Г which is not contained in any larger normal nonparabolic subgroup of Г.

It is shown that every finitely generated projective module PR over a semiprime ring R has the smallest FI-extending essential module extension (called the absolute FI-extending hull of PR) in a fixed injective hull of PR. This module hull is explicitly described. It is proved that , where is the smallest right FI-extending right ring of quotients of End(PR) (in a fixed maximal right ring of quotients of End(PR). Moreover, we show that a finitely generated projective module PR over a semiprime ring R is FI-extending if and only if it is a quasi-Baer module and if and only if End(PR) is a quasi-Baer ring. An application of this result to C*-algebras is considered. Various examples which illustrate and delimit the results of this paper are provided.

We continue the study of a mathematical model for a forest ecosystem which has been presented by Y. A. Kuznetsov, M. Y. Antonovsky, V. N. Biktashev and A. Aponina (A cross-diffusion model of forest boundary dynamics, J. Math. Biol. 32 (1994), 219–232). In the preceding two papers (L. H. Chuan and A. Yagi, Dynamical systemfor forest kinematic model, Adv. Math. Sci. Appl. 16 (2006), 393–409; L. H. Chuan, T. Tsujikawa and A. Yagi, Aysmptotic behavior of solutions for forest kinematic model, Funkcial. Ekvac. 49 (2006), 427–449), the present authors already constructed a dynamical system and investigated asymptotic behaviour of trajectories of the dynamical system. This paper is then devoted to studying not only the structure (including stability and instability) of homogeneous stationary solutions but also the existence of inhomogeneous stationary solutions. Especially it shall be shown that in some cases, one can construct an infinite number of discontinuous stationary solutions.

This paper considers the determination of the coefficients in two sets of triple trigonometrical series and shows that these can be obtained in closed form. The series considered are special cases of some triple series in Jacobi polynomials studied by K. N. Srivastava [1]. Srivastava, however, shows that the problem for the more general series can be reduced to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind and he does not discuss special cases which may lead to closed form solutions.

We write e(x) for e2πix, ∥x∥ for the distance of x from the nearest integer and use A ≫ B to mean |A|<c |B|, where c is a positive constant depending at most on k and e. The letter p always denotes a prime number; P2 represents a number with precisely two prime factors. We continue the investigations started in [6] and will make many references to the analysis there. Here we prove the following theorems.

An (n, q) graph consists of n nodes and q edges, i.e. q distinct unordered pairs of different nodes, so that there are no loops or multiple edges. We write T for the number of unlabelled (n, q) graphs and F for the number of labelled (n, q) graphs. We say that a labelled graph is symmetric if there is a nonidentical permutation of its nodes which leaves the graph unaltered. We write r for the order of the automorphism group of the graph, i.e. the group of all those permutations of the nodes which leave the graph unaltered; we say that the graph is of symmetry order r. A graph which is not symmetric is called asymmetric and, for such a graph, obviously r = 1. We say that an unlabelled graph is symmetric or asymmetric according as the graph obtained by labelling its nodes is symmetric or asymmetric.

In this paper we show that the normal parts of quasisimilar log-hyponormal operators are unitarily equivalent. A Fuglede-Putnam type theorem for log-hyponormal operators is proved. Also, it is shown that a log-hyponormal operator that is quasisimilar to an isometry is unitary and that a log-hyponormal spectral operator is normal.

Let Pn be the semigroup of all partial transformations on the set Xn = {1,…, n}. As usual, we shall say that an element α in Pn is of type (k, r) or belongs to the set [k, r] if |dom α|=k and |lim α|. The completion α* of an element α ∈ [n − 1, n − 1] is an element in [n, n] defined by

where {i} = Xn∖dom α and {j} = Xn∖im α.

Let ℋ be a complex Hilbert space and B(ℋ) the algebra of all bounded linear operators on ℋ. Let ℋ(ℋ) be the algebra of all compact operators of B(ℋ). For an operator T ε B(ℋ), let σ(T), σp(T), σπ(T) and πoo(T) denote the spectrum, the point spectrum, the approximate point spectrum and the set of all isolated eigenvalues of finite multiplicity of T, respectively. We denote the kernel and the range of an operator T by ker(T) and R(T), respectively. For a subset of ℋ, the norm closure of is denoted by . The Weyl spectrum ω(T) of T ε B(ℋ) is defined as the set

An ordered semigroup S will be called principally ordered if, for every x ɛ S, there exists

x* = max {y ɛ S; xyx ≤ x}.

Here we shall be concerned with the case where S is regular. We begin by listing some basic properties that arise from the above definition. As usual, we shall denote by V(x) the set of inverses of x ɛ S.

A kernel functor (equivalently, a left exact torsion preradical) is a left exact subfunctor of the identity on the category R-mod of left R-modules over a ring R with identity. A kernel functor is said to be idempotent if, in addition, σ satisfies σ(M / σ(M)) = 0 for every M ∊ R-mod. To every kernel functor / there corresponds a unique topologizing filter ℒσ = {I Ⅰ σ (R/I) = R/I} of left ideals and a unique class ℱσ = {M ∊ R-mod Ⅰ σ(M) = M} that is closed under homomorphic images, submodules, and direct sums. The idempotence of σ is characterized by either of the following additional conditions:

(1) if I ∊ ℒσ, K ⊆ I, and (K:x) = {r ∊ R ∣ rx ∊ K} ∊ ℒσ for each x ∊ I, then K ∊ ℒ or

(2) ℱσ is closed under extensions of one member of ℱσ by another member of ℱσ Idempotent kernel functors are important since they are the tool used to construct localization functors. For M∊ R-mod, let E(M) denote the injective hull of M. A kernel functor σ is called stable if Mℱ implies that E(M) ∊ ℱσ For more information about kernel functors, see [6], [7], [14], and [15].

This paper discusses the fractional chromatic number of the direct product of graphs. It is proved that if H is a circulant graph G^k_d, or a Kneser graph, or a direct sum of such graphs, then for any graph G, \chi_f{\hskip1}(G\times H{\hskip1}) = {\text min}\{\chi_f{\hskip1}(G), \chi_f{\hskip1}(H{\hskip1})\}.

We characterise the elements of the (maximum) idempotent-generated subsemigroup of the Kauffman monoid in terms of combinatorial data associated with certain normal forms. We also calculate the smallest size of a generating set and idempotent generating set.

The main object of study in this paper is the quantized Weyl algebra which arises from the work of Maltsiniotis [10] on noncommutative differential calculus. This algebra has been studied from the point of view of noncommutative ring theory by various authors including Alev and Dumas [1], the second author [9], Cauchon [3], and Goodearl and Lenagan [5]. In [9], it is shown that has n normal elements zi and, subject to a condition on the parameters, the localization obtained on inverting these elements is simple of Krull and global dimension n. It is easy to show that each of these normal elements generates a height one prime ideal and that these are all the height one prime ideals of . The purpose of this paper is to determine, under a stronger condition on the parameters, all the prime ideals of and to compare the prime spectrum with that of a related algebra . This algebra has more symmetric defining relations than those of but it shares the same simple localization which again is obtained by inverting n normal elements zi. Like the alternative algebra can be regarded as an algebra of skew differential (or difference) operators on the coordinate ring of quantum n-space.

Let 1 ≤ p < ∞. A sequence 〈 xn 〉 in a Banach space X is defined to be p-operator summable if for each 〈 fn 〉 ∈ lw*p(X*) we have 〈〈 fn(xk)〉k〉n ∈ lsp(lp). Every norm p-summable sequence in a Banach space is operator p-summable whereas in its turn every operator p-summable sequence is weakly p-summable. An operator T ∈ B(X, Y) is said to be p-limited if for every 〈 xn 〉 ∈ lpw(X), 〈 Txn 〉 is operator p-summable. The set of all p-limited operators forms a normed operator ideal. It is shown that every weakly p-summable sequence in X is operator p-summable if and only if every operator T ∈ B(X, lp) is p-absolutely summing. On the other hand, every operator p-summable sequence in X is norm p-summable if and only if every p-limited operator in B(lp', X) is absolutely p-summing. Moreover, this is the case if and only if X is a subspace of Lp(μ) for some Borel measure μ.

The problem considered is the determination of “lower bounds” of matrix operators on the spaces\ell_p(w) or d(w,p). Under fairly general conditions, the solution is the same for both spaces and is given by the infimum of a certain sequence. Specific cases are considered, with the weighting sequence defined by w_n = 1/n^\alpha . The exact solution is found for the Hilbert operator. For the averaging operator, two different upper bounds are given, and for certain values of p and \alpha it is shown that the smaller of these two bounds is the exact solution.

We identify the extreme points of the unit sphere of the Lorentz space Lw,1 This yields a characterization of the surjective isometries of Lw,1(0,1). Our main result is that every element in the unit sphere of Lw,1 is the barycenter of a unique Borel probability measure supported on the extreme points of the unit sphere of Lw,1.

We examine the solubility of a diagonal, translation invariant, quadratic equation system in arbitrary (dense) subsets $\mathcal{A}$ ⊂ ℤ and show quantitative bounds on the size of $\mathcal{A}$ if there are no non-trivial solutions. We use the circle method and Roth's density increment argument. Due to a restriction theory approach we can deal with equations in s ≥ 7 variables.

The following Chen's bi-harmonic conjecture made in 1991 is well-known and stays open: The only bi-harmonic submanifolds of Euclidean spaces are the minimal ones. In this paper, we prove that the bi-harmonic conjecture is true for bi-harmonic hypersurfaces with three distinct principal curvatures of a Euclidean space of arbitrary dimension.