In two papers [3] and [4], the author has extended the inequality of Schur (Theorem 319 of [2]) to cases involving kernels which satisfy identities of the form

The purpose of this paper is to prove a general inequality, which includes the above and also the inequality of Young (Theorem 281 of [2]) as special cases. We shall give the results a general setting by considering functions defined on abstract measure spaces. From this we shall deduce an extension to n dimensions of the results given in [3], which also generalises a similar extension of the Schur inequality given by Stein and Weiss. In fact some cases of the other results given in [5] will follow directly from our theorem.

The modular group Г is the group of integral bilinear transformations of the extended complex plane which preserve the upper half-plane. It has the presentation 〈x, y:x2 = y3 = 1〉, and the generators can be chosen so that u = xy maps z to z + 1.

1. For any positive integral n and any positive real x1,…,xn we write

clearly. It is known [1,2] that

for n ≦ 6, and further [4, 5, 6] that (5) is false for even n ≧ 14 and for odd n ≧ 53. Mordell [2] conjectured that (5) is false for all n ≧ 7, but recently [3] stated that computations indicated that (5) is true for n = 7 and gave some calculations in support of (5) for n = 7.

We consider higher secant varieties to Veronese varieties. Most points on the rth secant variety are represented by a finite scheme of length r contained in the Veronese variety – in fact, for a general point, the scheme is just a union of r distinct points. A modern way to phrase it is: the smoothable rank is equal to the border rank for most polynomials. This property is very useful for studying secant varieties, especially, whenever the smoothable rank is equal to the border rank for all points of the secant variety in question. In this note, we investigate those special points for which the smoothable rank is not equal to the border rank. In particular, we show an explicit example of a cubic in five variables with border rank 5 and smoothable rank 6. We also prove that all cubics in at most four variables have the smoothable rank equal to the border rank.

Let P be a prime ideal of a ring R, O(P) = {a ∊ R | aRs = 0, for some s ∊ R/P} | and Ō(P) = {x ∊ R | xn ∊ O(P), for some positive integer n}. Several authors have obtained sheaf representations of rings whose stalks are of the form R/O(P). Also in a commutative ring a minimal prime ideal has been characterized as a prime ideal P such that P= Ō(P). In this paper we derive various conditions which ensure that a prime ideal P = Ō(P). The property that P = Ō(P) is then used to obtain conditions which determine when R/O(P) has a unique minimal prime ideal. Various generalizations of O(P) and Ō(P) are considered. Examples are provided to illustrate and delimit our results.

Let Q(x) = Q(x1, …, xn)∈ℤ[x1, …, xn] be a quadratic form. We investigate the size of the smallest non-zero solution of the congruence Q(x)≡0 (mod q). We seek a bound Bn(q), independent of Q, such that there is always a non-zero solution satisfying

The form gives the trivial lower bound Bn(q)≥(q/n)½ for all q and n, since if x≠0 and q∣ Q(x), then Q(x)≥q.

A natural class of ideals, almost isometric ideals, of Banach spaces is defined and studied. The motivation for working with this class of subspaces is our observation that they inherit diameter 2 properties and the Daugavet property. Lindenstrauss spaces are known to be the class of Banach spaces that are ideals in every superspace; we show that being an almost isometric ideal in every superspace characterizes the class of Gurariy spaces.

We study representations of the loop braid group LBn from the perspective of extending representations of the braid group $\mathcal{B}$n. We also pursue a generalization of the braid/Hecke/Temperlely–Lieb paradigm – uniform finite dimensional quotient algebras of the loop braid group algebras.

Let f(n) = an2+ bn + c be an irreducible quadratic polynomial with integer coefficients, and let D denote the discriminant b2 – 4ac of f(n).We shall assume that (D, k) = 1, and that for all positive integer n, f(n) is positive and coprime with k, where k is a fixed integer greater than 1.

An inverse semigroup is called E-unitary if the equations ea = e = e2 together imply a2 = a. In a previous paper [4], the author showed that any E-unitary inverse semigroup is isomorphic to a semigroup constructed from a triple (G, ℋ, ) consisting of a down-directed partially ordered set ℋ, an ideal and subsemilattice of ℋ and a group G acting on ℋ, on the left, by order automorphisms in such a way that ℋ = G. This semigroup is denoted by P(G, ℋ, ); it consists of all pairs (a, g)∈ × G such that g−1a ∈ , under the multiplication

In this paper we prove the following:

Let S be a regular semigroup anda, bany elements of S such that Jb = ≦ Ja. Then, for each idempotent e∈Ja, there exists an idempotent f∈ Jb such that f = ≦e.

1. Let X be a closed Riemann surface of genus g ≥ 2 and let Aut X denote the group of automorphisms of X where, in this paper, an automorphism means a conformal or anticonformal self-homeomorphism. X is called hyperelliptic if it admits a conformal automorphism J of order 2 such that X/H has genus 0, where H = 〈J〉 is the group of order 2 generated by J. Thus X is a two-sheeted covering of the sphere which is branched over 2g + 2 points and J is the sheet-interchange map. J is the unique conformal automorphism of order 2 such that X/〈J〉 has genus 0 and it follows that if U ∈ Aut X, then UJU−1 = J. Thus J is central in Aut X and H ≤ Aut X. (Cf. [8])

Let Σg denote a compact orientable surface of genus g ≥ 2. We consider finite groups G acting effectively on Σg and preserving the orientation—for short, G acts on Σg or Gis a symmetry group of Σg. Each surface Σg admits only finitely many symmetry groups G and the orders of these groups are bounded by Wiman's bound of 84(g – 1). This bound is attained for infinitely many values of g [12], see also [9], and all values of g ≤ 104 for which it is attained are known [4].

Apart from simple Ore extensions such as the Weyl algebras, the best known example of a primitive Ore extension is the universal enveloping algebra U(g) of the 2-dimensional solvable Lie algebra g over a field k of characteristic zero, see [4, p. 22]. U(g) is a polynomial algebra over k in two indeterminates x and y with multiplication subject to the relation xy – yx = y, and may be regarded either as an Ore extension of k [x] by the k-automorphism which maps x to x – 1 or as an Ore extension of k[y] by the derivation yd/dy. The argument suggested in [4, p. 22] to prove the primitivity of U(g) can easily be generalised [6] to show that, if α is an automorphism of the ring R then the following conditions are sufficient for R[x, α] to be primitive: (i) no power αs, s ≧ 1, of α is inner; (ii) the only ideals of R invariant under α are 0 and R. These conditions are necessary and sufficient for the simplicity of the skew Laurent polynomial ring R[x, x–1, α] but are not necessary for the primitivity of R[x, α] (the ordinary polynomial ring D[x] over a division ring D not algebraic over its centre is easily seen to be primitive).

In this note we prove that a locally graded group $G$ in which all proper subgroups are (nilpotent of class not exceeding $n$)-by-Černikov, is itself (nilpotent of class not exceeding $n$)-by-Černikov.

As a preparatory result that is used for the proof of the former statement in the case of a periodic group, we also prove that a group $G$, containing a nilpotent of class $n$ subgroup of finite index, also contains a characteristic subgroup of finite index that is nilpotent of class not exceeding $n$.

We prove the so-called inverse conjecture for the Gowers Us+1-norm in the case s = 3 (the cases s < 3 being established in previous literature). That is, we show that if f : [N] → ℂ is a function with |f(n)| ≤ 1 for all n and ‖f‖U4 ≥ δ then there is a bounded complexity 3-step nilsequence F(g(n)Γ) which correlates with f. The approach seems to generalise so as to prove the inverse conjecture for s ≥ 4 as well, and a longer paper will follow concerning this.

By combining the main result of the present paper with several previous results of the first two authors one obtains the generalised Hardy–Littlewood prime-tuples conjecture for any linear system of complexity at most 3. In particular, we have an asymptotic for the number of 5-term arithmetic progressions p1 < p2 < p3 < p4 < p5 ≤ N of primes.

In this note, we first establish an integral transform pair where the kernel of each integral involves the Gaussian hypergeometric function. Special cases of Theorem 1 have been studied by several authors [1, 2, 5, 6]. In Theorem 2 a similar integral transform pair involving a confluent hypergeometric function is given.

Several definitions of a semigroup of quotients have been proposed and studied by a number of authors. For a survey, the reader may consult Weinert's paper [8]. The motivation for many of these concepts comes from ring theory and the various notions of rings of quotients. We are concerned in this paper with an analogue of the classical ring of quotients, introduced by Fountain and Petrich in [3].

A number of formulae are known which exhibit the asymptotic behaviour as t→∞ of the solutions of

The aim of thisnote is to unify a group of such formulae, relating to the case in which F(t) iS on the whole positive, and suitably continuous though not necessarily analytic.

Arrange any n integers around a circle. The following procedure can be used to obtain another circle of n integers. For each adjacent pair of the first integers, form the absolute value of their difference and place it between them; then remove the original numbers. This procedure can be repeated over and over. When n = 4 this always leads eventually to a circle of zeros. On the other hand when n = 3, unless the original numbers are equal, this never happens. We treat below the general case and related problems, using for convenience a slightly different formulation. Surprisingly there is enough structure to lead to some interesting mathematics.