Small to moderately tall monoecious evergreen trees, with clasping to awl-shaped forward-pointing evergreen leaves set relatively thickly on stout spreading or ascending shoots which are borne, in earlier life, from approximately whorled branches which are typically well furnished on a symmetric tapering crown in earlier life. In later life the tree habit becomes much more irregular, often gnarled and gaunt with only distal foliar clumps.

The pathogenesis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is poorly understood and even its existence has been contested. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a chronic form of hydrocephalus (excessive fluid accumulation in the brain), which unlike acute hydrocephalus has a normal intracranial fluid pressure. Also, unlike acute hydrocephalus, in NPH there is no obstruction in the CSF flow pathway, earning NPH its other name, communicating hydrocephalus. Understanding the exact mechanism of NPH has been difficult given often co-occurring neurodegenerative diseases, particularly dementias.

Like in the asymmetric case (cf. Chapter 9), one can consider the generalization of Symmetric TSP where the start and end of the tour that we are looking for are not necessarily identical. Christofides’ algorithm can be generalized to this problem but only yields a 5/3-approximation here.

This chapter contains basic results about this problem and also a further generalization called T-tours; these results will be used in subsequent chapters where we will present better approximation algorithms. One important observation is that the "narrow cuts" of an LP solution have a nice structure.

For unweighted graphs, a 3/2-approximation algorithm can be obtained with the techniques of Chapter 13, or with a simple LP-based approach that we will present in this chapter.

Migraine headache is experienced by approximately 18% of women and 6% of men. It is the most common cause of headache-related medical visits.

Tall, long-lived evergreen forest trees with rough-barked, often vertically creviced trunks, to 25 m or less, eventually mostly bearing a broadly irregular to pyramidal or rounded crown, giving mature trees a particularly stately and often majestic billowing open-crowned habit with age. Foliage is dominated by conspicuous, long, needle-like leaves borne in basally united (fasciculate) groups from shoots with a strongly seasonal annual growth rhythm. Seeds are protected within a (usually) robust, woody cone.

This chapter makes four historical interventions. First, It argues that the relief program of the Ottoman central state during the continuum of crisis aimed to maintain agriculture, cities, and the army, but not pastoralists. Although pastoralists lost millions of herd animals, their source of food, financial capital, and sociopolitical power, available historical documents indicate that the Hamidian government did not distribute grain or flocks to pastoralists, and neither did they lend money to rebuild their herds, as they did for peasants. It is unclear whether this was a deliberate policy of the state in order to turn pastoralists into taxable agriculturalists. What is clear is that the traditional Ottoman famine relief policies contributed to mounting ecological and economic disequilibrium between peasants and pastoralists in times of crises and to irreversibly expanding this imbalance in the political ecology of Kurdistan in the post-crises period by triggering displacement, migration, and proletarianization among pastoralist communities.

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HPP) is a rare hereditary or acquired condition resulting in episodes of severe muscle weakness, usually in the setting of strenuous exercise with a high carbohydrate diet. The most common form of HPP is inherited (familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis) and is caused by either a mutation in the skeletal muscle calcium channel gene CACNA1S (HPP type 1) or the skeletal muscle sodium channel gene SCN4A (HPP type 2). Thyrotoxicosis can also cause HPP (acquired HPP). Familial HPP follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and exhibits incomplete penetrance, with a male predominance. Though ~80% of cases of familial HPP are caused by CACNA1S, SCN4A, or KCNJ2 gene mutations, the genetic cause of the rest remains undetermined.

First used in 1949, the term chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has been known by many names throughout medical history, including “punch drunk” in the 1920s, and dementia pugilistica coined in 1937 from the Latin work pugil meaning “boxer” or “fist.” The cause of CTE remains heavily debated and is thought to be due to a combination of progressive microanatomical changes caused by repetitive closed-head injuries including direct impact from sporting collisions or blast exposures from military experience. Recent research has also proposed a genetic predisposition.

Claims for Jesus’s real presence in Israel’s Scriptures sometimes focus on angelic theophanies, running counter to the more elusive presence of the pre-incarnate Logos with Israel, and to the New Testament’s emphasis on the newness of the Logos made flesh. Instead, a widely attested interpretive tradition sees the Old Testament as transfigured to speak of Christ in a new way: A hidden, or even absent, meaning is brought to light by the paschal events.

Evergreen small to moderately large trees, at least one of dwarf semi-aquatic habit. Their branch systems are of moderate length and spreading, with superficially symmetric slender minor branchlets forming somewhat flattened or downcurving open foliage sprays. Their leaves are ranked but curiously inversely rotated along one side of each shoot.

Previously known as central pontine myelinolysis, osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is an iatrogenic neurological syndrome first described in 1959 by neurologists Raymond Adams and Maurice Victor characterized by devastating CNS injury secondary to rapid serum sodium correction.

Dravet syndrome is a type of developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), which typically begins in the first year of life with a febrile hemi-clonic seizure. This later progresses to more frequent, prolonged afebrile seizure types including focal and generalized clonic, myoclonic, and atypical absence seizures that are refractory to treatment. Within a year of seizure onset, developmental delay becomes evident and the child eventually shows profound cognitive and behavioral deficits. Because of frequent convulsive seizures, the patients with Dravet syndrome have a much higher risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) at ~9.3 per 1000 patient-years, which is almost the same as adults with drug-resistant epilepsy. In fact, the most common cause of death in Dravet syndrome is SUDEP.

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy CADASIL and its recessively inherited version CARASIL are cerebral small-vessel diseases caused by missense mutation in the NOTCH 3 gene located on chromosome 19. Interestingly, this locus is the same as seen in familial hemiplegic migraine, and migraine is the first symptom these patients experience in ~40% of cases in Caucasians. However, migraine prevalence varies widely based on ethnic background, occurring less commonly in those of Asian heritage.

As in the symmetric case, there are two versions of the Asymmetric TSP and two corresponding LP relaxations. They are related to circulations in digraphs. Using again the splitting-off technique, we show that the two versions are equivalent, and we will present a third equivalent version.

We will also study the integrality ratio of the Asymmetric TSP LPs and show that it is at least 2, even for unweighted graph instances.

The New Cambridge Companion to Jesus serves as the most up-to-date guide and resource for understanding Jesus’s multifaceted legacy, enduring impact over time and space, and relevance in today’s world. Integrating textual, historical, theological, and cultural perspectives, the chapters, specially commissioned for this volume, also offer a fresh and diverse overview of Jesus’s significance in contemporary global contexts. Key features include insights into Jesus’s life and teachings, his role in different religious traditions, and his influence on art, music, and global cultures. The volume also addresses contemporary issues of poverty, race, and power dynamics, making it especially relevant for today’s readers. The Companion offers a diversity of perspectives from which to approach the unique identity and importance of Jesus beyond the 2020s, whether in relation to Christianity’s cultural and existential crises in the Americas, its precipitous decline in Western Europe, or its unprecedented growth and proliferation in Africa and Asia.