Farage also used ‘we’ to show that he identified with ‘the people’. The ideas underlying this phrase need to be understood in their historical context, since they vary depending on particular national histories, but all share a common ancestor in ancient Greek and Roman thinkers. British democracy needs to be traced back to British thinkers such as Buchanan, Hobbes and the philosophers of the Enlightenment. This is relevant because the historical discourse surrounding the phrase ‘the people’ was central to the development of democracy, and is continuous with today’s challenges to it. The various notions of ‘the people’ were connected with the ‘sovereignty of the people’ and the ‘sovereignty of parliament’, the latter being expressly challenged by populist parties like UKIP, in favour of direct democracy, and the same trend was evident in the post-referendum governments. The expression ‘the common people’ played an important role in British political discourse. Its early meaning changed radically until it was replaced by ‘ordinary people’, which in the Brexiter demagoguery was equated with ‘the people’, in opposition to ‘the elite’.

Representing 5–10% of all strokes, idiopathic subarachnoid hemorrhages are most commonly caused by ruptured intracranial saccular aneurysms (~80%), with the remainder caused by vascular malformations and ruptured mycotic/infective aneurysms. Subarachnoid hemorrhage can also be seen with co-occurring intracerebral hemorrhage and trauma.

Medium to tall and sometimes massive evergreen trees, with a conical, tapering crown when young, eventually becoming more irregular with age but throughout life remaining typically well furnished, with flattened horizontally held foliage arrays. The foliage is predominantly of small scale leaves cladding horizontally held flattened fern-like foliar sprays, with only faint white stomatal markings beneath. The foliage is aromatic when lightly bruised, and often freely bears crops of small cigar-shaped pale-coloured female cones standing gregariously and regimentedly upright close to the basal parts of ultimate spreading foliar sprays.

Dioecious, evergreen, low-growing microphyllous shrubs of irregularly branched and straggling, drooping or pendulous habit with age, with numerous densely branched minor branchlet systems. The branches are oriented in multiple directions to give the foliar tufts a more mop-like rather than spear-like appearance, with each branchlet of similar overall structure. The scale-like leaves are set spirally but overall appear collectively as forming usually 4–5 rows, but never opposite or decussate.

This chapter explores the reasons why workers would stay in or run from a factory, as well as the traps and perceived appeal of temporary employment and day labor jobs. It discusses the role of employment service agencies and their networks of job intermediaries in sustaining factories’ power and control over workers and in making workers more vulnerable and more susceptible to informal and temporary employment.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological syndrome caused by injury to the developing brain during the perinatal period that produces permanent nonprogressive neurological dysfunction. Risk factors for CP include prematurity, low birth weight, multiple gestations, infertility treatments, infection during pregnancy, Rh incompatibility, and perinatal toxin/drug exposure, among others. Though most cases of CP are caused by prenatal or natal cerebral injury (termed congenital CP) from hypoxic–ischemic injury, the most common cause of postnatal CP is traumatic brain injury, near-drowning, and meningitis.

Primary lateral sclerosis is a sporadic form of neurodegenerative motor neuron disease that affects almost exclusively upper motor neurons. The pathophysiology of PLS is similar to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and results in the degeneration of corticospinal tracts, though almost completely spares the lower motor neurons. Demographically, PLS symptoms usually begin in the fifth or sixth decade of life and have no significant sex predominance.

To address the fundamental question of ‘Are we alone?’, a cornerstone of astrobiology, it is necessary to search for signatures of extraterrestrial life (biosignatures). This chapter is thus divided into two parts: in situ biosignatures and remote-sensing biosignatures. In the first, a variety of potential biomarkers are described, such as isotope ratios, individual and collective microfossils, homochirality (i.e., presence of molecules of the same handedness), distributions of biomolecular building blocks, and agnostic methods. In the second, the categories include gases (e.g., molecular oxygen and methane), surface components (e.g., pigments like chlorophylls), and temporal variations of certain features. This chapter concludes by delineating emerging criteria and techniques for evaluating the credibility of putative life detection.

Jesus’s Jewish identity offers fresh insights into Christian–Jewish relations and historical Jesus research. Although often obscured in Christian tradition, this recognition has been emphasized by Jewish scholars to counter anti-Semitism and challenge Christian theological narratives. Memory of the Jewish Jesus serves as a critical tool in rewriting the history of Jewish–Christian relations and understanding the evolution of both Judaism and Christianity. It can energize a reevaluation of exegetical methodologies and dogmatic discourses, thus reshaping Christian theology and fostering mutual understanding.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. It is classified as WHO Grade IV amongst primary brain tumors. GBM most commonly affects patients in their 40s–60s with a mean age of 54 years. It is more common in males (1.5:1) and in white individuals (2:1) compared to African Americans. Anatomically, GBM most often arises from the temporal (32%) or frontal lobes (31%). Though GBM is highly locally invasive, it rarely metastasizes outside of the CNS.

Thought to be first described in 1880 by German neurologist Adolf Strumpell, hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a neurodegenerative disease resulting in degeneration of the spinal cord, primarily the corticospinal tract and dorsal columns. Unlike most other heritable neurological diseases, HSP can be inherited via almost any pattern, though most commonly autosomal dominant. Additionally, mutations in many genes have been implicated on at least 17 chromosomes and > 75 loci. The most common causal mutation is in the SPAST gene located on chromosome 2, producing the most common subtype, SPG4.

Like Gerstmann–Straussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS) and subtypes of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD), fatal familial insomnia (FFI) is a very rare familial prion disease passed by autosomal dominant inheritance, though sporadic cases have been found (sFI). Also, like GSS and CJD, FFI is caused by a mutation in the PRNP gene on chromosome 20, specifically co-mutation at codons 178 and 129.

Stiff person syndrome (SPS) is a rare disease with an unclear pathogenesis, which presents with muscle stiffness and spasms. Symptoms are usually progressive and begin with gradual, intermittent, mildly painful muscle spasms that primarily affect the lower extremities and paraspinal muscles. These localized spasms later increase in frequency and intensity, occasionally becoming so severe that they produce painful abnormal postures, disability, and even fractured bones. Spasms can also be highly susceptible to multiple triggers such as touch, loud noise, and even emotion, and typically resolve with sleep.

For aboot 30 years, international climate change law and policy has relied on States to collectively address anthropogenic climate change at the intergovernmental level under the UNFCCC framework. Operating beyond the reach of international law, corporations and other non-state actors have largely remained unaffected by the UNFCCC regime. Meanwhile, global greenhouse gas emissions continue to reach record levels each year and are projected to increase further. Frustrated with the lack of progress, interested groupshave turned to the judiciary. Climate change litigation is primarily occurring in the public sphere but, increasingly, lawsuits are also being directed against large heavy-emitting corporate actors and, in some cases, the directors and officers of these companies. This chapter gives a brief overview of the growing phenomenon of Private Climate Litigation (PCL), by first introducing the underlying rationale of PCL, then offering a definition for it, identifying certain main characteristics of PCL and finally offering brief observations concerning whether PCL can be viewed as a tool to implement climate policies.

This chapter discusses the requirements for a world to be deemed habitable at a given moment in time (instantaneous habitability), with an emphasis on the availability of energy sources and suitable physicochemical conditions. After a brief exposition of some concepts in thermodynamics, the significance of the molecule ATP (the ‘energy currency’ of the cell) and how it is synthesised in the cell by harnessing chemical gradients is described. The two major sources of energy used by life on Earth (chemical and light energy), and the various possible pathways for utilizing such forms of energy are sketched, most notably photosynthesis and methanogenesis. This is followed by delineating the diverse array of extremophiles that inhabit myriad niches on Earth that would be considered harsh for most life. The mechanisms that permit them to survive the likes of high/low temperatures, pressures, salinity, and radiation doses are reviewed.