West syndrome is an infantile epileptic encephalopathy syndrome, typically seen between the ages of 3 months and 1 year, consisting of the triad of infantile spasms, psychomotor deterioration, and a characteristic interictal EEG pattern known as hypsarrhythmia. This pattern consists of very large amplitude, irregular slow waves, superimposed on a disorganized background with multifocal spikes.

Chapter 5 explores the common stereotype that LGBTQ+ people flaunt their sexuality, or behave sexually inappropriate in ways that heterosexual and cisgender people do not. This stereotype undergirds the rationale for recent anti-LGBTQ+ bills such as Florida’s Don’t Say Gay bill and anti-transgender legislation which is part of the backlash against the progress of queer rights in the early 2000s. Various shortcuts in thinking that contribute to the reckless and false belief that queer people flaunt their sexuality are discussed. Lesbian and gay parenting and children of queer parents is discussed as well. Heterosexual privilege is examined. The empirical work on child sexual abuse is also considered. The chapter concludes with strategies to reduce heterosexism and homophobia.

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly and is seen in ~15% of people of 75 years and ~30% of those above 85 years old. Although the exact cause of AD is unknown, the histopathology is relatively well understood as the accumulation of extracellular 𝛽–amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles made of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein.

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is characterized by the triad of hyperthermia, altered mental status, and extrapyramidal symptoms such as rigidity or dyskinesia. NMS is typically associated with the use of dopamine-receptor blocking (DRB) agents such as antipsychotic medications. The signs and symptoms of NMS develop rapidly and most often reach maximum severity within 72 hours of the first onset. The exact pathogenesis of NMS is not well understood.

Fairly tall, medium-sized to sometimes massive, monoecious, deciduous or sub-evergreen trees, with a typically conical, tapering crown when young, but becoming clean-trunked and starkly irregular-crowned with age. Their trunks are often flared widely towards the base and distinctively and often dramatically fluted.

Stately evergreen trees, often well furnished nearly to the ground, with straight, tapering trunks and tapering or rounded crowns of regular outline. They have an arched, drooping leader, and their numerous slender branch systems form wide and flattened sprays bearing (in most species) very numerous, small, distinctly flattened, oblong leaves and small, pendulous cones.

The presence and power of Jesus in early Christian material culture are mediated through texts, visual depictions, and other objects, representing and re-presenting Jesus across various contexts. Focusing especially on the first five centuries ce, the analysis addresses Jesus in the materiality of text, liturgy, relic, and symbol, revealing early Christian theologies and practices that resonate in later historical periods and highlighting the complex dialectic of Jesus’s presence and absence in material forms.

In individuals with transient global amnesia (TGA), acute inability to create new memories (anterograde amnesia) and disorientation are the primary symptoms; however, some often have a degree of retrograde amnesia as well. In ~50% of those with TGA, the onset of symptoms is often during times of emotional or physical stress. During an episode of TGA, there is no change in alertness or loss of consciousness, or changes in any other cognitive or neurological domains, and episodes usually last from 4–24 hours.

Chapter 3 examines the common belief that those who are accused of crimes, particularly ethnic minorities, are probably guilty of something. The chapter begins by citing bias in news presentations of crime that reinforce the belief that people of color are criminally inclined. The process of criminalizing black and brown life begins early with disparities in discipline in schools resulting in the school-to-prison pipeline. Experiments on the shooting bias as well as actual police shootings is discussed next. The popularity of Stand Your Ground laws codifies white vigilantism. Biases that can enter all aspects of police investigation, criminal prosecution, sentencing, and the death penality are discussed. Experimental research exposing the role that harsh interrogations and false confessions in routing innocent suspects into the criminal legal system is presented as well. Juror behavior and their processing of evidence is also addressed in Chapter 3. The chapter concludes with suggested policy changes to prevent false confession and conviction, and toward more fairness in the criminal legal system.

First called von Recklinghausen disease, named after German pathologist Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen in 1882, neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic neurocutaneous condition, making up 96% of all cases of neurofibromatosis. With a loss of function mutation (50% are inherited, 50% de novo) of the neurofibromin 1 gene on chromosome 11, those with NF1 have nonfunctional neurofibromin, which functions in the mTOR and RAS/MAPK pathways as a tumor suppressor. Neurofibromatosis type 1 has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and has no gender predominance.

In this chapter, we mention further results on the approximability of variants or special cases of the traveling salesman problem. We will also briefly mention a few important related problems for which the best-known approximation algorithms use a TSP approximation algorithm as a subroutine.

In particular, we discuss inapproximability results, geometric special cases, the minimum 2-edge-connected spanning subgraph problem, the prize-collecting TSP, the a priori TSP, and capacitated vehicle routing.

In exploring ancient apocryphal traditions, we uncover a tapestry of Jesus’s portrayals both converging and contrasting with canonical gospels. These “Jesus books” – infancy, ministry, passion, and dialogue gospels – showcase early Christianity’s narrative dynamism. Apocryphal texts reveal Jesus as a wise or petulant child, challenging Jewish norms or Torah-observant, literate, philosophical, mythological, hell-conquering, and anti-apostolic. These diverse depictions, addressing sociocultural and theological questions of the era, provide alternative or supplementary perspectives on Jesus’s identity and teachings, significantly contributing to our understanding of early Christian diversity and doctrinal development.

The national populism of the Brexit movement builds up its political worldview on the basis of an ethnocentric myth of continuous homogeneous British nationhood. This was a construct of the imagination that included nostalgia for lost British empire. It was tightly bound up with the Brexiters’ concept of ‘the people’, which brought into their campaign rhetoric the idea of ‘the will of the people’ and ‘the mandate of the people’, as well as ideas from social contract theory. ‘The will of the people’ was a phrase that ran throughout Brexitspeak, deployed by the ex-Remainer Theresa May and ardent Leavers alike, and backed up by the populist press. Brexitspeakers knew what the people’s will was, by implication at least. And the claim that this ‘will’ gave the government an unquestionable mandate followed automatically, despite the narrow margin by which the Leavers had won, and despite the fact that before it the result had been defined as ‘advisory’ only. There was also the question of who precisely constituted ‘the people’ at the referendum, for there were important groups of potential voters who were excluded by the Brexiter-influenced Referendum Act.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), previously called benign angiopathy of the central nervous system, call-Fleming syndrome, or migrainous vasospasm, is a form of transient multifocal arterial vasospasm and vasodilation. The exact pathophysiology of RCVS is unknown; however, it is thought to be due to a temporary dysregulation of cerebrovascular tone.

Monoecious evergreen trees, with a typically conical, tapering crown. The bright yellow–green scale-like foliage is moderately large, with scale leaves arrayed regimentally into often horizontally spreading and remarkably regularly mostly flattened fern-like sprays.