Previously known as central pontine myelinolysis, osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is an iatrogenic neurological syndrome first described in 1959 by neurologists Raymond Adams and Maurice Victor characterized by devastating CNS injury secondary to rapid serum sodium correction.

Dravet syndrome is a type of developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), which typically begins in the first year of life with a febrile hemi-clonic seizure. This later progresses to more frequent, prolonged afebrile seizure types including focal and generalized clonic, myoclonic, and atypical absence seizures that are refractory to treatment. Within a year of seizure onset, developmental delay becomes evident and the child eventually shows profound cognitive and behavioral deficits. Because of frequent convulsive seizures, the patients with Dravet syndrome have a much higher risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) at ~9.3 per 1000 patient-years, which is almost the same as adults with drug-resistant epilepsy. In fact, the most common cause of death in Dravet syndrome is SUDEP.

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy CADASIL and its recessively inherited version CARASIL are cerebral small-vessel diseases caused by missense mutation in the NOTCH 3 gene located on chromosome 19. Interestingly, this locus is the same as seen in familial hemiplegic migraine, and migraine is the first symptom these patients experience in ~40% of cases in Caucasians. However, migraine prevalence varies widely based on ethnic background, occurring less commonly in those of Asian heritage.

As in the symmetric case, there are two versions of the Asymmetric TSP and two corresponding LP relaxations. They are related to circulations in digraphs. Using again the splitting-off technique, we show that the two versions are equivalent, and we will present a third equivalent version.

We will also study the integrality ratio of the Asymmetric TSP LPs and show that it is at least 2, even for unweighted graph instances.

The New Cambridge Companion to Jesus serves as the most up-to-date guide and resource for understanding Jesus’s multifaceted legacy, enduring impact over time and space, and relevance in today’s world. Integrating textual, historical, theological, and cultural perspectives, the chapters, specially commissioned for this volume, also offer a fresh and diverse overview of Jesus’s significance in contemporary global contexts. Key features include insights into Jesus’s life and teachings, his role in different religious traditions, and his influence on art, music, and global cultures. The volume also addresses contemporary issues of poverty, race, and power dynamics, making it especially relevant for today’s readers. The Companion offers a diversity of perspectives from which to approach the unique identity and importance of Jesus beyond the 2020s, whether in relation to Christianity’s cultural and existential crises in the Americas, its precipitous decline in Western Europe, or its unprecedented growth and proliferation in Africa and Asia.

Medium-sized, evergreen tree, often of somewhat crooked habit and with interiorly thin but externally densely furnished open crowns of fine, somewhat flattened, much-branched, scale-like foliage.

Chapter 7 examines the belief by some that affirmative action amounts to reverse racism and reverse sexism. The distinction between affirmative action and equal opportunity is described, as is the common belief that affirmative action involves quotas (quotas are illegal). Practices that undermine meritocracy in both college admissions and in employment are explored. These practices include legacy admissions, donors, and, in the context of employment, biases in job selection. Chapter 7 makes the case for the need of affirmative action because subtle forms of bias infiltrate all aspects of employment. The chapter critically examines the argument that diversity benefits organizations. The chapter ends with a discussion of goal-oriented versus process-oriented affirmative action plans, and other strategies to reduce bias in admissions and employment.

For NP-hard problems, it is often useful to study relaxations that are easier to solve. In the previous chapter, we already saw two approximation algorithms that started by solving a relaxation: finding a minimum-cost connected spanning subgraph in Christofides’ algorithm and finding a minimum-cost cycle cover in the cycle cover algorithm.

Another kind of relaxation arises by formulating the problem as an integer linear program and dropping the integrality constraints. In this chapter, we will study such linear programming relaxations for Symmetric TSP with Triangle Inequality and Symmetric TSP. These two equivalent versions of the problem give rise to two linear programming relaxations, which turn out to be equivalent as well (by the splitting-off technique). We also study polyhedral descriptions of connectors and T-joins and the integrality ratio of the subtour LP.

Small evergreen plants of semi-woody creeping habit with scattered upright stems. The stems are sparsely and weakly branched, green and bear only small leaves throughout.

This chapter argues that Collingwood’s “logic of question and answer” (LQA) can best be understood in the light of contemporary argumentation theory. Even if Collingwood quite often describes LQA in terms of inner thinking and reasoning, as was still usual in his time, his insistence on the normative (“criteriological”) character of LQA, paired with his attack on the pretensions of psychologists to describe logic (as well as other normative endeavours) in a purely empirical manner, makes clear that LQA has the same aspirations as the rising discipline of formal (mathematical) logic. The concise exposition of the form, content, and application of LQA is supported by references to all the relevant passages in Collingwood’s oeuvre as well as illustrated by means of a concrete example of his way of doing history. Although a recent and still developing discipline, contemporary argumentation theory was born as an attempt to describe and analyze argumentative texts as guided by norms constitutive of our argumentative practices in a way that completely escapes formal logic. It thus provides a place for LQA that has so far been lacking.

This chapter takes Green Plan implementation as an important test case of climate policy implementation more generally and as an indicator of the potential obstacles to going beyond the mere reconciliation of environmental and human rights issues in pursuit of policies that advance environmental protection and human rights in synergistic ways.

Also called giant cell arteritis (GCA), temporal arteritis is the most common systemic vasculitis in those greater than 50. It mainly affects large- and medium-sized arteries. Specifically, Caucasian women of northern European descent are the most commonly affected. The histopathology demonstrates granulomatous organization of CD4 cells and macrophages with the formation of giant cells. The carotid arteries are very commonly affected. Patients with GCA also often experience symptoms of headache and jaw claudication. Diplopia can also occur with GCA due to ischemia of the extraocular muscles. But the most significant symptom is transient visual loss, which is caused by the vasculopathy extending into the arteries supplying the retina and the optic nerve. The typical presentation is an acute complete or partial monocular painless visual loss. Although the visual symptoms can be transient, this should prompt an urgent investigation and treatment because of the significant risk of permanent visual loss. Though less common, ischemic strokes can also occur with GCA due to the involvement of the internal carotid arteries and rarely vertebral arteries.

An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a focal area of abnormally tangled arteries and veins within and around the brain or spinal cord. The arterial and venous vessels of the AVM connect with one another, with continuous flow, and are void of an intermediary capillary bed, producing direct arteriovenous shunting at the center of the AVM called the nidus.

In this chapter, we will present an algorithm for the subtour cover problem, which we defined in Chapter 7. This will complete the constant-factor approximation algorithm for the Asymmetric TSP.

The subtour cover problem was introduced (in a slightly different form) by Svensson, Tarnawski, and Végh, who gave a (4,2,1)-algorithm for subtour cover. Traub and Vygen strengthened this to a (3,2,1)-algorithm. Here, we further improve this to a (2,2,1)-algorithm. Our subtour cover algorithm builds on the algorithm for the graph subtour cover problem that we presented in Section 6.2.

As a final result, we obtain a (17+ε)-approximation for the Asymmetric TSP for any fixed ε>0.