Let T(N) be the least integer such that one can assign ±l's to any N points in the unit square so that the sum of these values in any rectangle with sides parallel to those of the square have absolute value at most T(N). In [1] Beck showed, among other results, that (for N≥2)

.

1. Introduction. Given a series we define , by the relations

The series Σan is said to be summable (C, k) to the sum s, if

as n→∞, and strongly summable (C, k), k>0, with index p, to the sum s, or summable [C; k, p] to the sum s, if

Let ℒ V denote the algebra of all linear transformations on an n-dimensional vector space V over a field Φ. A subsemigroup S of the multiplicative semigroup of ℒ V will be said to be an affine semigroup over Φ if S is a linear variety, i.e., a translate of a linear subspace of ℒ V.

This concept in a somewhat different form was introduced and studied by Haskell Cohen and H. S. Collins [1]. In an appendix we give their definition and outline a method of describing possibly infinite dimensional affine semigroups in terms of algebras and supplemented algebras.

It is well known that the lattice Λ(S) of congruences on a regular semigroup S contains certain fundamental congruences. For example there is always a minimum band congruence β, which Spitznagel has used in his study of the lattice of congruences on a band of groups [16]. Of key importance to his investigation is the fact that β separates congruences on a band of groups in the sense that two congruences are the same if they have the same meet and join with β. This result enabled him to characterize θ-modular bands of groups as precisely those bands of groups for which ρ⃗(ρ∨β, ρ∧β)is an embedding of Λ(S) into a product of sublattices.

Let n be a positive integer. In this paper, we consider the diophantine equationWe prove that this equation has only the positive integer solutions (n, x, y, z) = (1, t, 1, 1), (1, t, 3, 2), (3, 2, 2, 2). Therefore we extend the work done by Leszczyński (Wiadom. Mat., vol. 3, 1959, pp. 37–39) and Makowski (Wiadom. Mat., vol. 9, 1967, pp. 221–224).

[7] Sands raised the following questions:

(1) Must a hereditary radical which is right strong be left strong?

(2) Must a right hereditary radical be left hereditary?

(3) (Example 6) Does there exist a right strong radical containing the prime radical β which is not left strong or hereditary?

Negative answers to questions (1) and (2) were given by Beidar [1].

In this paper we present different examples to answer (1) and (2), and we answer (3). We prove that the strongly prime radical defined in [4, 5] is right but not left strong. In the proof we use an example given by Parmenter, Passman and Stewart [6]. The same example and the strongly prime radical are used to answer (2) and (3).

This note is concerned with an inequality for even order positive definite hermitian matrices together with an application to vector spaces.

The abbreviations p.d. and p.s-d. are used for positive definite and positive semi-definite respectively. An asterisk denotes the conjugate transpose of a matrix.

To what extent is the structure of a Lie-algebra L over a field F determined by the bilinear form

on L that is derived from a matrix representation

of L with finite degree d(Δ) by forming the trace of the matrix products

Such a bilinear form is a function with two arguments in L, values in F and the properties:

We derive variational formulae for natural first order energy functionals and obtain criteria for the stability of isometric immersions. This generalizes known results for the classical energy, the $p$-energy and the exponential energy.

Let U(RG) be the group of units of a group ring RG over a commutative ring R with 1. We say that a group is an SIT-group if it is an extension of a group which satisfies a semigroup identity by a torsion group. It is a consequence of the main result that if G is torsion and R = Z, then U(RG) is an SIT-group if and only if G is either abelian or a Hamiltonian 2-group. If R is a local ring of characteristic 0 only the first alternative can occur.

We develop an essentially algebraic method to study biharmonic curves into an implicit surface. Although our method is rather general, it is especially suitable to study curves in surfaces defined by a polynomial equation: In particular, we use it to give a complete classification of biharmonic curves in real quadrics of the three-dimensional Euclidean space.

Let G and T be topological groups, α : T → Aut(G) a homomorphism defining a continuous action of T on G and G♯ := G ⋊αT the corresponding semidirect product group. In this paper, we address several issues concerning irreducible continuous unitary representations (π♯, ${\mathcal{H}}$) of G♯ whose restriction to G remains irreducible. First, we prove that, for T = ${\mathbb R}$, this is the case for any irreducible positive energy representation of G♯, i.e. for which the one-parameter group Ut := π♯(1,t) has non-negative spectrum. The passage from irreducible unitary representations of G to representations of G♯ requires that certain projective unitary representations are continuous. To facilitate this verification, we derive various effective criteria for the continuity of projective unitary representations. Based on results of Borchers for W*-dynamical systems, we also derive a characterization of the continuous positive definite functions on G that extend to G♯.

The c-dimension of a group is the maximum length of a chain of nested centralizers. It is proved that a periodic locally soluble group of finite c-dimension k is soluble of derived length bounded in terms of k, and the rank of its quotient by the Hirsch–Plotkin radical is bounded in terms of k. Corollary: a pseudo-(finite soluble) group of finite c-dimension k is soluble of derived length bounded in terms of k.

It is shown that an immersion of n dimensional compact oriented manifold without boundary into the n+1 dimensional Euclidean space, hyperbolic space or open half sphere is a totally umbilic immersion if one of the mean curvature function H_l does not vanish and the ratio H_k/H_l is constant, 1\leq k, l \leq n, k\ne l.

The simplest type of Lie semigroups are closed convex cones in finite dimensional vector spaces. In general one defines a Lie semigroup to be a closed subsemigroup of a Lie group which is generated by one-parameter semigroups. If W is a closed convex cone in a vector space V, then W is convex and therefore simply connected. A similar statement for Lie semigroups is false in general. There exist generating Lie semigroups in simply connected Lie groups which are not simply connected (Example 1.15). To find criteria for cases when this is true, one has to consider the homomorphism

induced by the inclusion mapping i:S→G, where S is a generating Lie semigroup in the Lie group G. Our main results concern the description of the image and the kernel of this mapping. We show that the image is the fundamental group of the largest covering group of G, into which S lifts, and that the kernel is the fundamental group of the inverse image of 5 in the universal covering group G. To get these results we construct a universal covering semigroup S of S. If j: H(S): = S ∩ S-1 →S is the inclusion mapping of the unit group of S into S, then it turns out that the kernel of the induced mapping

may be identfied with the fundamental group of the unit group H(S)of S and that its image corresponds to the intersection H(S)0 ⋂π1(S), where π1(s) is identified with a central subgroup of S.

There are a number of theorems which bound d.l.(G), the derived length of a group G, in terms of the size of the set c.d.(G) of irreducible character degrees of G assuming that G is in some particular class of solvable groups ([1], [3], [4], [7]). For instance, Gluck [4] shows that d.l.(G)≤2 |c.d.(G)| for any solvable group, whereas Berger [1] shows that d.l.(G)≤|c.d.(G)| if G has odd order. One of the oldest (and smallest) such bounds is a theorem of Taketa [7] which says that d.l.(G)≤|c.d.(G)| if G is an M-group. Most of the existing theorems are an attempt to extend Taketa's bound to all solvable groups. However, it is not even known for M-groups whether or not this is the best possible bound. This suggests that given a class of solvable groups one might try to find the maximum derived length of a group with n character degrees (i.e. the best possible bound).

We give a new and useful approach to study the representations of symmetric Leibniz algebras. Using this approach, we obtain some results on the representations of these algebras.

Let G be a finite group and p a prime number. About five years ago I. M. Isaacs and S. D. Smith [5] gave several character-theoretic characterizations of finite p-solvable groups with p-length 1. Indeed, they proved that if P is a Sylow p-subgroup of G then the next four conditions (l)–(4) are equivalent:

(1) G is p-solvable of p-length 1.

(2) Every irreducible complex representation in the principal p-block of G restricts irreducibly to NG(P).

(3) Every irreducible complex representation of degree prime to p in the principal p-block of G restricts irreducibly to NG(P).

(4) Every irreducible modular representation in the principal p-block of G restricts irreducibly to NG(P).

This paper is concerned mainly with the structure of inverse semigroups which have a partial ordering defined on them in addition to their natural partial ordering. However, we include some results on partially ordered semigroups which are of interest in themselves. Some recent information [1, 2, 6, 7,11] has been obtained about the algebraic structure of partially ordered semigroups, and we add here to the list by showing in Section 1 that every regular integrally closed semigroup is an inverse semigroup. In fact it is a proper inverse semigroup [10], that is, one in which the idempotents form a complete class modulo the minimum group congruence, and the structure of these semigroups is explicitly known [5].

We give new examples of affine sufaces whose rings of coordinates are d-simple and use these examples to construct simple nonholonomic D-modules over these surfaces.