In connection with a statistical problem concerning the Galtontest Cśaki and Vincze [1] gave for an equivalent Bernoullian symmetric random walk the joint distribution of g and k, denoting respectively the number of positive steps and the number of times the particle crosses the origin, given that it returns there on the last step.

A path of maximum length in a graph G is referred to as a detour path of G and the length of such a path is called the detour number of G. It is not surprising that the study of detour paths is closely associated with the problem of investigating hamiltonian paths in graphs. Evidently few results have been obtained in this area, although Ore [3] has shown that any two detour paths intersect. It is the purpose of this article to further investigate these concepts. In particular, we obtain bounds for several graph theoretic parameters in terms of the detour number and also present formulae for the detour numbers of several important classes of graphs.

In this paper, we study the warped structures of Finsler metrics. We obtain the differential equation that characterizes Finsler warped product metrics with vanishing Douglas curvature. By solving this equation, we obtain all Finsler warped product Douglas metrics. Some new Douglas Finsler metrics of this type are produced by using known spherically symmetric Douglas metrics.

The purpose of this paper is to present a short, self-contained proof of Euler’s relation. The ingredients of this proof are (i) the principle of inclusion and exclusion of combinatorics and (ii) the Euler characteristic; a development of the Euler characteristic is included.

Let 5 be a monoid. A right S-system A is called strongly flat if the functor A ⊗ — (from the category of left S-systems into the category of sets) preserves pullbacksand equalizers. (This concept arises in B. Stenström, Math. Nachr. 48(1971), 315-334 under the name weak flatness). The main result of the present paper is a proof that for A to be strongly flat it is in fact sufficient that A ⊗ — preserve only pullbacks. The approach taken is to develop an "interpolation" condition for pullback-preservation, and then to show its equivalence to Stenström's conditions for strong flatness.

Examining certain problems in physics M. Hosszu [l] obtained the functional equation

(1)

where x, y, f are real.

In another paper M. Hosszu [2] proved that the equation (1) is equivalent to the functional equation of Cauchy; i. e., to the equation

(1)

under the assumption that x is real and f is real and continuous.

We prove in this paper that fifteen classes of rings coincide with the class of rings named in the title. One of them is the class of rings R such that X2 = X for each R-ideal X: we shall refer to rings with this property (and thus to the rings of the title) as fully idempotent rings. The simple rings and the (von Neumann) regular rings are fully idempotent. Indeed, every finitely generated right or left ideal of a regular ring is generated by an idempotent [l, p. 42], so that X2 = X holds for every one-sided ideal X.

We present a construction of singular rearrangement invariant functionals on Marcinkiewicz function/operator spaces. The functionals constructed differ from all previous examples in the literature in that they fail to be symmetric. In other words, the functional $\phi$ fails the condition that if $x\prec \prec \,Y$ (Hardy-Littlewood-Polya submajorization) and $0\,\le \,x,\,y$, then $0\,\le \,\phi \left( x \right)\,\le \,\phi \left( y \right)$. We apply our results to singular traces on symmetric operator spaces (in particular on symmetrically-normed ideals of compact operators), answering questions raised by Guido and Isola.

Let σ*(N) denote the sum of the unitary divisors of N, that is,

It is easily seen that σ*(N) is multiplicative. In fact σ*(l) = 1 if N > 1 has the prime decomposition . Let us define a positive integer to be unitary perfect whenever σ*(N) = 2N. The first four such numbers are 6, 60, 90 and 87, 360. In a recent abstract [ l ] published by one of us, the last of these numbers was overlooked. No other unitary perfect numbers are known to the authors.

This paper solves a question posed by P. Erdös:

If A1, A2, …, A are distinct subsets of n elements and if |Ai ∩ Ai| ≡ 0 mod 2 (i ≠ j), then

and for each n, there exists a collection of subsets which achieves this bound with equality.

An intrinsic characterization is given of those von Neumann algebras which are injective objects in the category of C*-algebras with completely positive maps. For countably generated von Neumann algebras several such characterizations have been given, so it is in fact enough to observe that an injective von Neumann algebra is generated by an upward directed collection of injective countably generated sub von Neumann algebras. The present work also shows that three of the intrinsic characterizations known in the countably generated case hold in general.

Following E. H. Feller [l], a ring R is called a duo ring if every one-sided ideal of R is a two-sided ideal.

In the first part of this paper, we give some properties of duo rings and we show that the set of the nilpotent elements of a duo ring R is an ideal, the intersection of the completely prime ideals of R.

It is easy to see that every duo ring is a subdirect sum of subdirectly irreducible duo rings. We give in the second part of this paper a characterization of the subdirectly irreducible duo rings. This characterization is quite similar to the characterization of the subdirectly irreducible commutative rings, due to N. H. McCoy [2], whose methods we use.

In this paper, we introduce the definition of a convex real valued function $f$ defined on the set of integers, $\mathbb{Z}$ . We prove that $f$ is convex on $\mathbb{Z}$ if and only if ${{\Delta }^{2}}f\,\ge \,0$ on $\mathbb{Z}$ . As a first application of this new concept, we state and prove discrete Hermite–Hadamard inequality using the basics of discrete calculus (i.e., the calculus on $\mathbb{Z}$ ). Second, we state and prove the discrete fractional Hermite–Hadamard inequality using the basics of discrete fractional calculus. We close the paper by defining the convexity of a real valued function on any time scale.

Given a group automorphism $\phi :\,\Gamma \,\to \,\Gamma $, one has an action of $\Gamma $ on itself by $\phi $-twisted conjugacy, namely, $g.x\,=\,gx\phi ({{g}^{-1}})$. The orbits of this action are called $\phi $-twisted conjugacy classes. One says that $\Gamma $ has the ${{R}_{\infty }}$-property if there are infinitely many $\phi $-twisted conjugacy classes for every automorphism $\phi $ of $\Gamma $. In this paper we show that $\text{SL(}n\text{,}\mathbb{Z}\text{)}$ and its congruence subgroups have the ${{R}_{\infty }}$-property. Further we show that any (countable) abelian extension of $\Gamma $ has the ${{R}_{\infty }}$-property where $\Gamma $ is a torsion free non-elementary hyperbolic group, or $\text{SL(}n\text{,}\mathbb{Z}\text{)},\text{Sp(2}n\text{,}\mathbb{Z}\text{)}$ or a principal congruence subgroup of $\text{SL(}n\text{,}\mathbb{Z}\text{)}$ or the fundamental group of a complete Riemannian manifold of constant negative curvature.

Buckminster Fuller has coined the name tetrahelix for a column of regular tetrahedra, each sharing two faces with neighbours, one 'below' and one 'above' [A. H. Boerdijk, Philips Research Reports 7 (1952), p. 309]. Such a column could well be employed in architecture, because it is both strong and attractive. The (n — 1)-dimensional analogue is based on a skew polygon such that every n consecutive vertices belong to a regular simplex. The generalized twist which shifts this polygon one step along itself is found to have the characteristic equation

(λ - 1)2{(n - 1)λn-2 + 2(n - 2)λn-3 + 3(n - 3)λn-4 + . . . + (n - 2)2λ + (n - 1)} = 0,

which can be derived from tan nθ = n tan θ by setting λ = exp (2θi).

In this paper we investigate the endpoint regularity properties of the multisublinear fractional maximal operators, which include the multisublinear Hardy–Littlewood maximal operator. We obtain some new bounds for the derivative of the one-dimensional multisublinear fractional maximal operators acting on the vector-valued function $\overrightarrow{f}=({{f}_{1}},...,{{f}_{m}})$ with all ${{f}_{j}}$ being $BV$-functions.

This paper treats the quasilinear elliptic inequality

where N ≥ 2, m > 1, σ >m− 1, and p:ℝN → (0, ∞) is continuous. Sufficient conditions are given for this inequality to have no positive entire solutions. When p has radial symmetry, the existence of positive entire solutions can be characterized by our results and some known results.

Consider the nth order (n ≥ 1) delay differential inequalities and and the delay differential equation , where q(t) ≥ 0 is a continuous function and p, τ are positive constants. Under the condition pτe ≥ 1 we prove that when n is odd (1) has no eventually positive solutions, (2) has no eventually negative solutions, and (3) has only oscillatory solutions and when n is even (1) has no eventually negative bounded solutions, (2) has no eventually positive bounded solutions, and every bounded solution of (3) is oscillatory. The condition pτe > 1 is sharp. The above results, which generalize previous results by Ladas and by Ladas and Stavroulakis for first order delay differential inequalities, are caused by the retarded argument and do not hold when τ = 0.

It is shown that a two-sided continuous ring with ascending chain condition on left annihilators is quasi-Frobenius.

The quotient field of the ring of invariants of a rational Ga action on Cn is shown to be ruled. As a consequence, all rational Ga actions on C4 are rationally triangulable. Moreover, if an arbitrary rational Ga action on Cn is doubled to an action of Ga × Ga on C2n, then the doubled action is rationally triangulable.