Cartan subalgebras play a very important role in the classification of the finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero. It is well-known [5, 273] that any two Cartan subalgebras of such an algebra are conjugate, i.e. images of one another under some automorphism of the algebra. On the other hand, there exist finitedimensional simple Lie algebras over fields of finite characteristic p possessing non-conjugate Cartan subalgebras [2; 3; 4]. The simple Lie algebras discovered by Zassenhaus [6] also possess non-conjugate Cartan subalgebras, and we shall give a complete classification of Cartan subalgebras of these algebras in this paper.

Let R be a commutative ring. A bilinear space (E, B) over R is â finitely generated projective R-module E together with a symmetric bilinear mapping B:E X E →R which is nondegenerate (i.e. the natural mapping E → HomR(E﹜ R) induced by B is an isomorphism). A quadratic space (E, B, ) is a bilinear space (E, B) together with a quadratic mapping ϕ:E →R such that B(x, y) = ϕ (x + y) — ϕ (x) — ϕ (y) and ϕ (rx) = r2ϕ (x) for all x, y in E and r in R. If 2 is a unit in R, then ϕ (x) = ½. B﹛x,x) and the two types of spaces are in obvious 1 — 1 correspondence.

Soit L un groupe abélien élémentaire d'ordre pn (p est un premier, n est un entier positif). Soient (a) le groupe cyclique d'élément a ∈ L, \A\\e nombre des éléments de l'ensemble A ᑕ L. Nous appellerons l'ensemble B ᑕ L racine du groupe L si pour tout a, {0} 9 ≠ a ∈ L, il existe b1, b2 ∈ B (b1 ≠ b2) tels que b 1 b2 ∈ (a). (A ce propos, il est évident que si B est une racine de L, l'ensemble Bst* = {bi* = sbi + t/bi ∈ B}, où sont donnés s, t ∈ L, (s) ≠ (0), (c'est-à-dire Bst* est le résultat de l'affinité de B) est également racine de L.) Nous appellerons la racine B minimum et désignerons |B| par β (L) si tout autre racine contient au minimum |B| éléments. Voici les exemples de racines minimum du L pour L = F2n, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 et pour L = F33:

Two basic questions have been raised for free products of lattices:

1. Do any two free products have a common refinement?

2. Can every lattice be decomposed into a free product of freely indecomposable lattices?

Both questions have been around for some time and attempts at solving them were made especially after the Structure Theorem for Free Products was discovered (see G. Grâtzer, H. Lasker, and C. R. Piatt [3]). Partial answer to question one was supplied in A. Kostinsky [7].

In this paper we answer both questions. Our basic observation is that the proper framework for these results is the theory of free K-products, that is, free products in an arbitrary equational class K of lattices.

In this paper we consider matrix representations of compact groups over the field of the complex numbers. We shall deal mainly with finite groups.

The Kronecker product of two irreducible representations σ1 and σ2 of a group is in general a reducible representation of . The explicit reduction of such a product to irreducible representations σ3 can be performed by means of a unitary matrix, the elements of which are called Wigner coefficients or Clebsch-Gordan coefficients [1; 25; 27].

The notion of a monad (triple) has become increasingly important as an extension of the classical universal algebraic approach to “algebraic” categories. Indeed the categories of algebras arising from a monad seem to be the most natural generalization of Birkhoffs equational classes. Moreover in [2], Barr's concept of a relational model of a monad also coincides nicely with both the concepts of partial algebras (when suitably restricted) and (Moore) closure systems.

In this paper, we wish to examine two particular monads determined by filters. The first is the filter monad F = (F, η, 𝛍) over Sets where FX is the set of all (not necessarily proper) filters on X.

Let V be an n-dimensional vector space over the field F. Let ꕕm V be the rath tensor power of V. If ᓂ ∈ Sm, the symmetric group, there exists a linear operator P (ᓂ1) on ꕕm V such that

for all x1, … , xm ∈ V. (Here, x1 ꕕ … ꕕ xm denotes the decomposable tensor product of the indicated vectors.) If c is any function of Sm taking its values in F, we define

A well-known theorem in the classical kinetic theory for a gas states that the entropy is an increasing function of time. However, in order to obtain this theorem for a confined gas, some assumption about molecular response to the container wall is required. For example, it is enough to suppose that the wall reflects the molecules specularly [4].

1. Let be an analytic function with radius of convergence R (0 < R < ∞). Set

and let the order p and lower order ⋋ of f(z) be defined by

where x = Rr/(R — r). If 0 < ᑭ < ∞, we define the type T and lower type t of f(z) by

Also, if 0 < ᑭ < ∞, define the “growth numbers” 𝛄 and δ by

The purpose of our discussion will be to obtain some inequalities involving the growth constants defined above.

The present investigation was stimulated by a theorem of Alfsen and Effros (4.9 of [1]) concerning a real Banach space, its ikf-ideals, and its primitive M-ideals (these are denned in [1]). This theorem states that a real Banach space is in the natural way a module over the ring of bounded continuous real-valued functions on the space of primitive Jlf-ideals with the Jacobson topology.

Let ffl and be Hilbert spaces, the set of all densely defined linear operators from to , and its subset of bounded ones. Let and σ(T) denote the adjoint, range, domain, closure and spectrum of T respectively. Ri(z) will denote the resolvent (z — Ti)-1.

Introduction. All rings occurring are associative and possess a unity, which is preserved under subrings and ring homomorphisms. All modules are unitary right modules. We denote the category of rights-modules.

In recent years several authors have studied rings R by imposing restrictions on the torsion theories [4] of . (See for instance [2; 23; 24].) This paper offers another alternative to that trend, namely the study of rings R via their set of kernel functors K﹛R).

Let G be a group of finite order g, A a splitting field of G of characteristic p (which may be 0) and R = AG the group algebra of G over A. In [2], the author studied some of the properties of the Grothendieck ring K(R) of the category of all finitely generated R-modules, and derived a number of consequences. This paper continues the study carried out in [2]. The study is concerned with the structure and irreducible representations of K(R). The ring K(R) is proved to be semisimple and the primitive idempotents of K(R) are explicitly constructed. If the ring K(R) is identified with the ‘algebra of representations', then Robinson's idempotent [3; 4; 5] follow from our description as a special case.

Let J1 and J2 be two Jordan algebras with unit elements. We define various tensor products of J1 and J2. The first, which we call the Kronecker product, is the most obvious and is based on the tensor product of the vector spaces. We find conditions sufficient for its existence and for its non-existence. Motivated by the universal mapping property for the tensor product of associative algebras we define, in Section 2, tensor products of J1 and J2 by means of a universal mapping property. The tensor products always exist for special Jordan algebras and need not coincide with the Kronecker product when the latter exists. In Section 3 we construct a more concrete tensor product for special Jordan algebras. Here the tensor product of a special Jordan algebra and an associative Jordan algebra coincides with the Kronecker product of these algebras. We show that this "special" tensor product is the natural tensor product for some Jordan matrix algebras.

1. Introduction. We prove, using a theorem of M. Hall on cyclic projective planes, that if g is a prime power such that either 1 + q + q2 is a prime congruent to 3, 5 or 7 (mod 8) or 3 + 2q + 2q2 is a prime power, then there exists a skew-Hadamard matrix of the Goethals-Seidel type of order 4(1 + q + q2). (A Hadamard matrix H is said to be of skew type if one of H + I, H — lis skew symmetric. ) If 1 + q + q2 is a prime congruent to 1 (mod 8), then a Hadamard matrix, not necessarily of skew type, of order 4(1 + q + q2) is constructed. The smallest new Hadamard matrix obtained has order 292.

Let C(X) be the ring of all real-valued continuous functions on a completely regular topological space X, and let A﹛Y) be the ring of all functions analytic on a connected non-compact Riemann surface F. The ideal theories of these two function rings have been extensively studied since the fundamental papers of E. Hewitt on C﹛X)[12] and of M. Henriksen on the ring of entire functions [10; 11]. Despite the obvious differences between these two rings, it has turned out that there are striking similarities between their ideal theories. For instance, non-maximal prime ideals of A (F) [2; 11] behave very much like prime ideals of C﹛X)[13; 14], and primary ideals of A(Y) which are not powers of maximal ideals [19] resemble primary ideals of C(X) [15]. In this paper we show that there are very good reasons for these similarities. It turns out that much of the ideal theory of A (Y) is a special case of the ideal theory of rings of continuous functions. We develop machinery that enables one almost automatically to derive results about the ideal theory of A(Y) from corresponding known results of ideal theory for rings of continuous functions.

Let A be a Banach algebra and A** its second conjugate space. Arens has denned two natural extensions of the product on A to A**. Under either Arens product, A** becomes a Banach algebra. Let A be a semisimple Banach algebra which is a dense two-sided ideal of a B*-algebra B and R** the radical of (A**, o). We show that A** = Q ⊕ R**, where Q is a closed two-sided ideal of A**, o). This was inspired by Alexander's recent result for simple dual A*-algebras (see [1, p. 573, Theorem 5]). We also obtain that if A is commutative, then A is Arens regular.

W. Gaschutz [5] introduced a conjugacy class of subgroups of a finite soluble group called the prefrattini subgroups. These subgroups have the property that they avoid the complemented chief factors of G and cover the rest. Subsequently, these results were generalized by Hawkes [12], Makan [14; 15] and Chambers [2]. Hawkes [12] and Makan [14] obtained conjugacy classes of subgroups which avoid certain complemented chief factors associated with a saturated formation or a Fischer class. Makan [15] and Chambers [2] showed that if W, D and V are the prefrattini subgroup, 𝔍-normalizer and a strongly pronormal subgroup associated with a Sylow basis S, then any two of W, D and V permute and the products and intersections of these subgroups have an explicit cover-avoidance property.

The decomposition of L2SO(n)/SO(n - m)) into a direct sum of irreducible representations of SO(n) is given abstractly by the branching theorem and the Frobenius reciprocity theorem [1]. The goal of this paper is to obtain this decomposition explicitly, generalizing the theory of spherical harmonics (m = 1). The case m = 2 has been studied in Levine [6], and the case 2m ≦ n in Gelbart [3]. Our results shed more light on these cases as well as revealing new phenomena which only occur when 2m > n.

Un exemple de Fatou-Bieberbach [1, p. 45] montre qu'il existe des applications holomorphes

h:Cn → Cn

à Jacobien J(h) partout non nul, mais dont le complémentaire de l'image Cn\h(Cn) est un fermé à intérieur non vide. Néanmoins on a montré récemment [3; 5] qu'une application holomorphe générique de Cn dans Cn est surjective. Nous voulons montrer qu'il en est de même pour les applications prennant leurs valeurs dans l'espace projectif Pn.