The integration of AI into business models and workplaces has a profound impact on society, legal systems, and organizational structures. It also became intrinsically intertwined with the concept of work and worker, and with the assignment of jobs, the measurement of performance and the evaluation of tasks, and decisions related to disciplinary measures or dismissals. The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the multifaceted aspects of AI and labor law, focusing on the profound legal questions arising from this intersection, including its implications for employment relationships, the exercise of labor rights, and social dialogue.

Is it possible that we have more capacity for change than we are currently expressing? This chapter begins by assessing the historical importance of the Covid pandemic, arguing that it helped revise how we look at the economy. If the way the economy works can be recreated to eliminate the risk of a viral infection, then it can presumably be recreated for the sake of other, equally desirable social goals. At first, one might think these changes signal the return of industrial policy, but I argue that world building differs from industrial policy because it operates at the level of the background conditions under which economic life takes place. These background conditions include the fight against climate change, the provision of skills and political stability and the creation of comparative advantage for national industries. In the end, however, the most general background conditions are formed at the global level. They are the framework conditions of global economic integration, and the need to shape the framework conditions for economic activity is not unrelated to the fact that other states are also trying to shape them. Indeed, both the United States and China believe in the idea of a world system articulating the relations of economic power and dependence at the heart of the global economy.

Neonates presenting for specialist neonatal and paediatric surgery range in age and complexity from the extremely premature infant undergoing laparotomy for necrotising enterocolitis to the healthy term neonate undergoing hernia repair. Many patients presenting for repair of congenital abnormalities are born prematurely and/or have congenital cardiac defects, which leads to additional challenges. The most common general surgical conditions presenting in the newborn period are oesophageal atresia (OA) with or without trachea-oesophageal fistula (TOF), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), intestinal atresias, meconium ileus, malrotation and volvulus, Hirschsprung’s disease, imperforate anus, exomphalos, gastroschisis and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). Anaesthetic techniques should be tailored to the relevant surgical condition, but most of the key principles of management are similar and require an in-depth knowledge of the anatomical, physiological and pharmacological differences particular to this vulnerable group of patients. In this chapter, we discuss the general considerations for anaesthesia in neonatal surgery and then each specific neonatal condition in relation to their anaesthetic and surgical management.

One reason for assembling another collection of essays on examples of how education reforms were implemented is to see if different resource levels and different political and national histories produce and demand different reform strategies. Another is to highlight the tension between rational approaches to education reform and the participatory or democratic approaches which emphasise context and the views of practitioners and stakeholders. A third reason is to highlight some of the assumptions about individual behaviours embedded in the rational and participatory approaches to reform. The ten cases presented here have been chosen and shaped by these three rationales. They also highlight some of the themes drawn from the first set of cases about continuity, consistency and coherence, adding to the stock of knowledge about models and approaches to the design and enactment of reforms including logic models and gradualism.

This chapter discusses how AI technologies permeate the media sector. It sketches opportunities and benefits of the use of AI in media content gathering and production, media content distribution, fact-checking, and content moderation. The chapter then zooms in on ethical and legal risks raised by AI-driven media applications: lack of data availability, poor data quality, and bias in training datasets, lack of transparency, risks for the right to freedom of expression, threats to media freedom and pluralism online, and threats to media independence. Finally, the chapter introduces the relevant elements of the EU legal framework which aim to mitigate these risks, such as the Digital Services Act, the European Media Freedom Act, and the AI Act.

Khartoum’s war-displaced residents had to fight for safe space to live, work, and think, and over the late 1980s and early 1990s this was a battle over bulldozers, deportations, exploitation, and exclusion. This chapter sets out this fight over the city under the al-Ingaz regime’s civilising project from 1989, from the perspective of its new residents. To them, this was a project not of forcible acculturation but of silencing, exclusion, and disciplining of an exploitable labour force. Former residents explain their choices in navigating these forces to make measures of security and neighbourhood safety, including their renaming of space in this new displaced city. The political geography that this period of state violence and popular resistance created by 1994 sets the terrain for the rest of the book.

As the most ‘delightful’ and ‘useful’ of genres, biography occupied a high place in Johnson’s ranking of literary genres, and he wrote many kinds of biography. All were aimed at raising the audience’s moral aspirations, showing them what was humanly possible. By the same token, sentimental panegyrics were no use, because they were too unrealistic to help the reader; they might also be based on falsehood, and Johnson is consistently sceptical towards stories that sound too good to be true. In his early biographies, Johnson explicitly draws conclusions about virtue and vice – even condemning his late friend Richard Savage, who despite his many admirable qualities set a dangerous example of contravening ordinary ethical standards. Yet by the time Johnson wrote the Lives of the Poets more than three decades later, he approached these questions more subtly, speculating on the connection between bad morals and bad writing, and delivering his lessons with restrained irony.

In previous chapters, we introduced the fundamental principles behind understanding the value of financial investments, such as stocks, bonds, and options. However, many of these investments (such as shares of stock or bonds issued by a company or call options that allow the holder to purchase shares of a company’s stock) are based on specific companies. To fully understand such investments, it is necessary to better understand the companies that they are based on. In Chapter 8 we examined company financial statements as a first step toward analyzing companies in more detail. We now expand upon this and explore how the information from financial statements can be used to estimate the economic value of a company.

In this chapter we focus on further developing and applying our valuation tools to better understand company value. We begin by taking the perspective of an observer examining a company from the “outside,” that is, someone who cannot influence the way a company is run. In other words, given how a company is being managed by its current managers, what should its value be? Starting in the next chapter, we will consider the perspective of a manager from within a company, and determine how the actions of those running a company can affect its value.

This chapter reviews research on social cognition and age. This covers self-focused processes, including self-referencing and memory as well as own-age bias and stereotype threat and stigma. Processes focused on other people are also reviewed, including moral judgment, empathy, theory of mind, social interactions and impression formation, memory for impressions, and trust.