Migraine headache is experienced by approximately 18% of women and 6% of men. It is the most common cause of headache-related medical visits.

Tall, long-lived evergreen forest trees with rough-barked, often vertically creviced trunks, to 25 m or less, eventually mostly bearing a broadly irregular to pyramidal or rounded crown, giving mature trees a particularly stately and often majestic billowing open-crowned habit with age. Foliage is dominated by conspicuous, long, needle-like leaves borne in basally united (fasciculate) groups from shoots with a strongly seasonal annual growth rhythm. Seeds are protected within a (usually) robust, woody cone.

This chapter makes four historical interventions. First, It argues that the relief program of the Ottoman central state during the continuum of crisis aimed to maintain agriculture, cities, and the army, but not pastoralists. Although pastoralists lost millions of herd animals, their source of food, financial capital, and sociopolitical power, available historical documents indicate that the Hamidian government did not distribute grain or flocks to pastoralists, and neither did they lend money to rebuild their herds, as they did for peasants. It is unclear whether this was a deliberate policy of the state in order to turn pastoralists into taxable agriculturalists. What is clear is that the traditional Ottoman famine relief policies contributed to mounting ecological and economic disequilibrium between peasants and pastoralists in times of crises and to irreversibly expanding this imbalance in the political ecology of Kurdistan in the post-crises period by triggering displacement, migration, and proletarianization among pastoralist communities.

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HPP) is a rare hereditary or acquired condition resulting in episodes of severe muscle weakness, usually in the setting of strenuous exercise with a high carbohydrate diet. The most common form of HPP is inherited (familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis) and is caused by either a mutation in the skeletal muscle calcium channel gene CACNA1S (HPP type 1) or the skeletal muscle sodium channel gene SCN4A (HPP type 2). Thyrotoxicosis can also cause HPP (acquired HPP). Familial HPP follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and exhibits incomplete penetrance, with a male predominance. Though ~80% of cases of familial HPP are caused by CACNA1S, SCN4A, or KCNJ2 gene mutations, the genetic cause of the rest remains undetermined.

First used in 1949, the term chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has been known by many names throughout medical history, including “punch drunk” in the 1920s, and dementia pugilistica coined in 1937 from the Latin work pugil meaning “boxer” or “fist.” The cause of CTE remains heavily debated and is thought to be due to a combination of progressive microanatomical changes caused by repetitive closed-head injuries including direct impact from sporting collisions or blast exposures from military experience. Recent research has also proposed a genetic predisposition.

Claims for Jesus’s real presence in Israel’s Scriptures sometimes focus on angelic theophanies, running counter to the more elusive presence of the pre-incarnate Logos with Israel, and to the New Testament’s emphasis on the newness of the Logos made flesh. Instead, a widely attested interpretive tradition sees the Old Testament as transfigured to speak of Christ in a new way: A hidden, or even absent, meaning is brought to light by the paschal events.

The antiquarian interests of Propertius 4 introduce a series of vignettes of early Rome (elegies 4.1, 4.4, 4.9, 4.10), and several further poems include rustic or quasi-rustic loca amoena in less likely contexts (a marine locale in 4.6, an urban park in 4.8). This chapter investigates how these passages engage elegy in an encounter with the genre of pastoral as codified in Virgil’s Eclogues, expanded in the Georgics and inserted in the antiquarian Aeneid. The politics of this encounter are urgent, pastoral being a vehicle of the Augustan ‘Golden Age’, but also inherently evanescent and ‘elegiac’. No less urgent are its poetics, pastoral being a lowly erotic genre like elegy, but also capable of cosmic and epic flights (as in Eclogue 6, notwithstanding its recusatio of epic themes – a tension closely tracked in elegy 4.6 on Actium). This ‘upward mobility’ is another respect in which pastoral is, arguably, analogous to elegy in its late-Propertian phase (if not earlier in the lost work of Gallus, an ‘absent presence’ here). Propertius’ recurrent loca amoena (which are not as idyllic as their name suggests) are thus spaces of generic negotiation in which ideology is never far away.

Upon the discovery of oil in 1908, the oil industry in Iran underwent a swift and extensive expansion, precipitating rapid industrialisation and significant demographic transformations that fundamentally redefined social relations, societal structures, and governance both locally and nationally. Central to these transformative processes was the development of oil towns, which emerged as crucibles of change, profoundly reconfiguring traditional lifestyles, and labour practices. This chapter delves into the complexities of managing oil production in areas not wholly subsumed under the aegis of the Iranian central government. It highlights the significant challenges encountered in cultivating a stable workforce and inculcating a culture imbued with principles of labour discipline, orderliness, and punctuality. These shifts presented formidable obstacles, especially for tribesmen traditionally engaged in nomadic pursuits, who found themselves compelled to transition to regimented forms of employment. Further, this discussion extends to the strategic recruitment and deployment of Indian workers, initially engaged for security purposes, whose roles evolved to encompass skilled, semi-skilled, and clerical positions, ultimately cementing their place as a permanent fixture within the industry. This narrative underscores the profound and multifarious impacts of the oil industry on the social and economic terrains of Iran.

Evergreen small to moderately large trees, at least one of dwarf semi-aquatic habit. Their branch systems are of moderate length and spreading, with superficially symmetric slender minor branchlets forming somewhat flattened or downcurving open foliage sprays. Their leaves are ranked but curiously inversely rotated along one side of each shoot.

Previously known as central pontine myelinolysis, osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is an iatrogenic neurological syndrome first described in 1959 by neurologists Raymond Adams and Maurice Victor characterized by devastating CNS injury secondary to rapid serum sodium correction.

Dravet syndrome is a type of developmental epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), which typically begins in the first year of life with a febrile hemi-clonic seizure. This later progresses to more frequent, prolonged afebrile seizure types including focal and generalized clonic, myoclonic, and atypical absence seizures that are refractory to treatment. Within a year of seizure onset, developmental delay becomes evident and the child eventually shows profound cognitive and behavioral deficits. Because of frequent convulsive seizures, the patients with Dravet syndrome have a much higher risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) at ~9.3 per 1000 patient-years, which is almost the same as adults with drug-resistant epilepsy. In fact, the most common cause of death in Dravet syndrome is SUDEP.

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy CADASIL and its recessively inherited version CARASIL are cerebral small-vessel diseases caused by missense mutation in the NOTCH 3 gene located on chromosome 19. Interestingly, this locus is the same as seen in familial hemiplegic migraine, and migraine is the first symptom these patients experience in ~40% of cases in Caucasians. However, migraine prevalence varies widely based on ethnic background, occurring less commonly in those of Asian heritage.

As in the symmetric case, there are two versions of the Asymmetric TSP and two corresponding LP relaxations. They are related to circulations in digraphs. Using again the splitting-off technique, we show that the two versions are equivalent, and we will present a third equivalent version.

We will also study the integrality ratio of the Asymmetric TSP LPs and show that it is at least 2, even for unweighted graph instances.