As earlier chapters have made clear, the twenty-first century multinational enterprise (MNE) is markedly different from its twentieth century ancestors. It has been transformed by an environment in which multiple, often conflicting forces accelerate simultaneously. The globalization and deglobalization of markets, the acceleration of product and technology life cycles, the assertion of national governments’ demands, and, above all, the intensification of global competition have created an environment of complexity, diversity, and change for most of today’s MNEs.

This chapter will guide a candidate in pathology topics that regularly appear in Section 1 of the FRCS(Tr&Orth) exam. The chapter asks questions dealing with avascular necrosis, clotting abnormalities and fracture healing. The chapter provides detailed explanations of the SBA questions asked.

This chapter will guide a candidate in the knee questions and topics that regularly appear in Section 1 of the FRCS(Tr&Orth) exam. The chapter deals with trauma, elective arthroplasty and soft tissue knee questions. Up to date information, higher order SBA questions and detailed explanations along with an evidence based approach to the most appropriate answer.

We have come a long way to arrive at this point. It all began with a question regarding what Christology and biology might have in common. The question immediately prompted the observation that Christology and biology together entail a central proposition: that God became incarnate as a human being, a particular rational–moral biological organism shaped by evolution. Although the connection between Christianity’s claim to Incarnation and contemporary biology had never been explored in the science–religion literature, we sought to remedy that deficiency in this book. From this starting point – the relation of Christology and biology – we explored a range of important topics familiar to the science–religion discussion. In the process, we hoped to discover much about our own humanity from theological and scientific perspectives, and therefore much about the humanity that Jesus Christ took on.

In Chapter 4, we review the multi-disciplinary organizational control literature, synthesize its key elements, and present a comprehensive theoretical framework that includes the dimensions of organizational control, the control functions or mechanisms describing how the control dimensions influence outcomes, the control outcomes, and key contingencies. We further submit our framework to an empirical test by examining the proposed relationships with a multidisciplinary meta-analysis of 293 articles, published between 1967 and 2022, that analyzed 310 independent samples, for a total sample size of 110,585. The results of this analysis provide broad support for the key tenets of organizational control theory, including antecedents and control–outcome relationships.

The results also suggest the presence of numerous context factors and contingencies, as well as significant interaction effects between controls, including both complementary and substitution effects among controls. Together, these results attest to the powerful impact, but also the causal complexity, of organizational control.

This is a reprinting of Bohr’s note to Nature advertising his forthcoming response to the EPR paper. It is very brief but contains in essence the argumentative tack Bohr would in fact employ in his full response to EPR.

This chapter explores the debates over human origins in the popular media to show how the topic influenced the ways in which Darwin’s theory was perceived (and misunderstood). The impact of the public’s fascination with the gorilla as a possible human ancestor helped to sustain the image of evolution as the ascent of a ladder. The cultural evolutionism promoted by archaeologists and anthropologists also adopted the linear model of development. Physical anthropologists saw the allegedly ‘lower’ races as intermediate steps in the ascent from the apes, in effect as ‘living fossils’ filling the gap created by the lack of genuinely ancient remains at the time. The impact of Darwin’s Descent of Man is explored in the context of the existing preconceptions generated in the 1860s. The relationship between general models of evolution and emerging ideas of social evolution, not all Darwinian in form, is explained.

Following the introduction of data envelopment analysis (DEA) in the operations research literature and its revival in the economics literature, for more than 40 years numerous studies have examined hospital efficiency, implementing the various advances in modeling efficiency and productivity. Many of these studies addressed the issues facing governments, hospitals, and patients. Three main concerns of these stakeholders are the cost of, quality of, and access to hospital care. This chapter focuses on research that used DEA to examine cost, quality, and access and the government policies that have been enacted to address these three concerns. Rather than a comprehensive literature review, the chapter discusses selected works that address relevant policy issues.