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Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

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The present paper reviews the research of the authors and their colleagues over the past 20 years to provide improved nutritional and anthropometric guidelines for the assessment of lactational adequacy and for when the weaning process might be initiated. The nutritional guidelines are based on revised dietary energy requirements. The basic assumption is that since breast milk is a well-balanced food, if energy needs are satisfied so will those for essential nutrients. Energy requirements for young babies have been derived from the application of the doubly-labelled-water technique. This approach indicated that 460 kJ (110 kcal)/kg per d at 1 month and 397 and 355 kJ (95 and 85 kcal)/kg per d at 3 and 6 months respectively would be satisfactory for a nutrient content of high bioavailability. Translated into a breast-milk intake of 850 ml/d the latter would cover the dietary energy needs of the average child growing along the 50th centile until at least 4 months, but the typical child from many developing countries following the 25th centile until 6 months. The importance of revised growth reference values for infancy, equally crucial for assessing lactational adequacy, is also reviewed. In contrast with the shapes of earlier reference patterns, growth trajectories are different when babies are fed in accordance with modern paediatric advice. Mothers and health professionals using the older growth charts to assess the progress of a baby can be misled into assuming that the weaning process needs to be introduced sooner than necessary. Examples of this situation within the context of a developing country are provided.

The development of new functional foods requires technologies for incorporating health-promoting ingredients into food without reducing their bioavailability or functionality. In many cases, microencapsulation can provide the necessary protection for these compounds, but in all cases bioavailability should be carefully studied. The present paper gives an overview of the application of various microencapsulation technologies to nutritionally-important compounds, i.e. vitamins, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, Ca, Fe and antioxidants. It also gives a view on future technologies and trends in microencapsulation technology for nutritional applications.

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

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Growth in perspective

Long-term adequacy of exclusive breast-feeding: how scientific research has led to revised opinions

Abstracts of Communications

Carbohydrates and protein

Nutritional implications of gut overgrowth and selective decontamination of the digestive tract

Nutritional evaluation of hydrogenated fats

Manipulation of adiposity by somatotropin and β-adrenergic agonists: a comparison of their mechanisms of action

PNS volume 30 issue 3 Cover and Back matter

PNS volume 17 issue 1 Cover and Front matter

Fat and sugar substitutes: implications for dietary intakes and energy balance

Brown adipose tissue in humans

Leptin and reproduction

Microencapsulation: its application in nutrition

Session 3 : Nutrition Education Through European Educational Systems: Opportunities in today's school curriculum

Abstracts of Communication

The nutritional significance of plant protease inhibitors

Control of seasonality by melatonin

Land as a constraint on food production

Abstracts of Communications

Chairman's opening remarks

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

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