Supernovae constitute a critical source of energy input to the interstellar medium (ISM). In this short review, we focus on their latest phase of evolution, the supernova remnants (SNRs). We present observations of three old SNRs that have reached the phase where they interact with the ambient interstellar medium: W28, IC443, and 3C391. We show that such objects make up clean laboratories to constrain the physical and chemical processes at work in molecular shock environments. Our studies subsequently allow us to quantify the impact of SNRs on their environment in terms of mass, momentum, and energy dissipation. In turn, their contribution to the energy balance of galaxies can be assessed. Their potential to trigger a further generation of star formation can also be investigated. Finally, our studies provide strong support for the interpretation of γ-ray emission in SNRs, a crucial step to answer questions related to cosmic rays population and acceleration.

Near-IR photometry of η Car since 1972 revealed a long-term trend towards hotter temperatures and a cycloidal behavior of its near-IR colors around periastron passages. Both effects are likely triggered by the companion. We used VLTI AMBER observations from 2004–2014 to investigate η Car's variabilities in the near-IR.

We present the stellar systems which consist of double and multiple stars with distances 3.5 ÷ 25 pc from the Sun, belonging to spectral classes F, G, K, M, having masses from 0.3 to 1.5 solar mass and can, in principle, possess planetary systems. On the basis of observations with Pulkovo 65 cm refractor the relative positions of double stars, the parameters of motion, the orbits and also the ephemeris for the nearest epochs have been computed.

We present the results 12CO J = 1–0 line observations of eleven Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs) between l = 70° and 190° obtained using the Seoul Radio Astronomy Observatory (SRAO) 6-m radio telescope. We detected CO emission towards most of the remnants. In seven SNRs, molecular clouds show a good spatial relation with their radio morphology: G73.9+0.9, G84.2−0.8, G85.4+0.7, G85.9−0.6, G93.3+6.9 (DA530), 94.0+1.0 (3C 434.1), and G182.4+4.3. Two SNRs are particularly interesting. In G85.4+0.7, there is a filamentary molecular cloud aligned along the south-east boundary of the remnant. This cloud extends to the nearby Hii region G84.9+0.5. If the molecular cloud is associated with both the Hii region and the SNR, the distance to the SNR would be 5–7 kpc. In 3C 434.1, there is a large molecular cloud blocking the western half of the remnant where the radio continuum emission is faint. The cloud shows a very good spatial correlation with radio continuum features, which strongly suggests the physical association of the cloud with the SNR. This gives a distance of 3 kpc to the SNR. We performed 12CO J = 2–1 line observations of this cloud using Kölner Observatorium für Sub-Millimeter Astronomie (KOSMA) 3-m telescope and found a region where the 12CO J = 2–1/1–0 line ratio is high. We present a hydrodynamic model showing that 3C434.1 could have resulted from a SN explosion occurred just outside the boundary of a thin, molecular cloud.

Astronomical microwave spectroscopy has greatly broadened the inventory of identifiable chemical species in diffuse molecular gas and is an increasingly effective way to measure the abundances of polar molecules that may be candidate diffuse interstellar band carriers. Here we review some recent developments that hold new promise for chemical abundance determinations. We summarize and categorize the molecular inventory that has accrued in the past twenty years from microwave observations of diffuse clouds and we present summary tables of the molecular abundances within various chemical families in both dark and diffuse molecular gas.

The star formation rate in the central 500 pc of the Milky Way is lower by a factor of > 10 than expected for the substantial amount of dense gas it contains, which challenges current star formation theories. I discuss which physical mechanisms could be causing this observation and put forward a self-consistent cycle of star formation in the Galactic center, in which the plausible star formation inhibitors are combined. Their ubiquity suggests that the perception of a lowered central SFR should be a common phenomenon in other galaxies with direct implications for galactic star formation and also potentially supermassive black hole growth. I then describe a scenario to explain the presence of super star clusters in the Galactic center environment, in which their formation is triggered by gas streams passing close to the minimum of the global Galactic gravitational potential at the location of the central supermassive black hole, Sgr A*. If this triggering mechanism can be verified, we can use the known time interval since closest approach to Sgr A* to study the physics of stellar mass assembly in an extreme environment as a function of absolute time. I outline the first results from detailed numerical simulations testing this scenario. Finally, I describe a study showing that in terms of the baryonic composition, kinematics, and densities, the gas in the Galactic center is indistinguishable from high-redshift clouds and galaxies. As such, the Galactic center clouds may be used as a template to understand the evolution (and possibly the life cycle) of high-redshift clouds and galaxies.

Observations indicate that a circumstellar disk is formed around a Be star while the stellar rotation is below the break-up velocity. I propose a working hypothesis to explain this mystery by taking account of the effect of leaky waves upon angular momentum transfer.

In B-type stars near the main sequence, low-frequency nonradial oscillations are excited by the κ-mechanism in the iron bump. They transport angular momentum from the driving zone to the surface. As a consequence, the angular momentum is gradually deposited near the stellar surface. This results in a gradual increase in the “critical frequency for g-modes”, and g-modes eventually start to leak outward, long before the surface rotation reaches the break-up velocity. This leads to a substantial amount of angular momentum loss from the star, and a circumstellar disk is formed. The oscillations themselves will be soon damped owing to kinetic energy loss. Then the envelope of the star spins down and angular momentum loss stops soon. The star returns to being quiet and remains calm until nonradial oscillations are newly built up by the κ-mechanism to sufficient amplitude and a new episode begins.

According to this view, the interval of episodic Be-star activity corresponds to the growth time of the oscillation, and it seems in good agreement with observations.

We present the current standing of an investigation into the structure of the Milky Way. We use smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) to simulate the ISM gas in the Milky Way under the effect of a number of different gravitational potentials representing the spiral arms and nuclear bars, both fixed and time-dependent. The gas is subject to ISM cooling and chemistry, enabling us to track the CO and HI density. We use a 3D grid-based radiative transfer code to simulate the emission from the SPH output, allowing for the construction of synthetic longitude-velocity maps as viewed from the Earth. By comparing these maps with the observed emission in CO and HI from the Milky Way ([Dame et al. 2001, Kalberla et al. 2005]), we can infer the arm/bar geometry that provides a best fit to our Galaxy. By doing so we aim to answer key questions concerning the morphology of the Milky Way such as the number of the spiral arms, the pattern speeds of the bar(s) and arms, the pitch angle of the arms and shape of the bar(s).

Magnetic fields of late-type stars are presumably generated by a dynamo mechanism at the interface layer between the radiative interior and the outer convective zone. The Rossby number, which is related to the dynamo process, shows an observational correlation with activity. It represents the ratio between the rotation period of the star and the local convective turnover time. The former is well determined from observations but the latter is estimated by an empirical iterated function depending on the color index (B-V) and the mixing-length parameter. We computed the theoretical Rossby number of stellar models with the TGEC code, and analyze its evolution with time during the main sequence. We estimated a function for the local convective turnover time corresponding to a mixing-length parameter inferred from a solar model, and compare our results to the estimated Rossby number of 33 solar analogs and twins, observed with the spectropolarimeters ESPaDOnS@CFHT and Narval@LBT.

About one third of the gamma-ray sources detected by Fermi have still no firmly established counterpart at lower energies. Here we propose a new approach to find candidate counterparts for the unidentified gamma-ray sources (UGSs) based on the 325 MHz radio survey performed with Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) in the northern hemisphere. First we investigate the low-frequency radio properties of blazars, the largest known population of gamma-ray sources; then we search for sources with similar radio properties combining the information derived from the Westerbork Northern Sky Survey (WENSS) with those of the NRAO VLA Sky survey (NVSS). We present a list of candidate counterparts for 32 UGSs with at least one counterpart in the WENSS. We also performed an extensive research in literature to look for infrared and optical counterparts of the gamma-ray blazar candidates selected with the low-frequency radio observations to confirm their nature. On the basis of our multifrequency research we identify 23 new gamma-ray blazar candidates out of 32 UGSs investigated. I will also present the first analysis of very low frequency radio emission of blazars based on the recent Very Large Array Low-Frequency Sky Survey (VLSS) at 74 MHz. I show that blazars present radio flat spectra when evaluated at 74 MHz, about an order of magnitude in frequency lower than previous analyses. The implications of these findings in the contest of the blazars – radio galaxies connection will be discussed.

The Gaia Mission due for launch this year will revolutionise our understanding of the formation and evolution of the Milky Way and of the astrophysics in general. This paper reviews the current status of the Mission, and the expected accuracies as derived from instrument performance assessment.

The general four-body problem can be simplified by considering the special case where the system contains two pairs of identical masses and is symmetrical. The simple models that occur may aid our understanding of the general problem. Systems that arise from Schubart-like interplay orbits are an important feature of the dynamics.

A lot of effort has been devoted to the hydrodynamical modelling of Cepheids in one dimension. While the recovery of the most basic properties such as the pulsational instability itself has been achieved already a long time ago, properties such as the observed double-mode pulsation of some objects and the red-edge of the classical instability strip and their dependence on metallicity have remained a delicate issue. The uncertainty introduced by adjustable parameters and further physical approximations introduced in one-dimensional model equations motivate an investigation based on numerical simulations which use the full hydrodynamical equations. In this talk, results from such two-dimensional numerical simulations of a short period Cepheid are presented. The importance of a carefully designed numerical setup, in particular of sufficient resolution and domain extent, is discussed. The problematic issue of how to reliably choose fixed parameters for the one-dimensional model is illustrated. Results from an analysis of the interaction of pulsation with convection are shown concerning the large-scale structure of the He ii ionization zone. We also address the influence of convection on the atmospheric structure. Considering the potential of hydrodynamical simulations and the wealth of ever improving observational data an outlook on possible future work in this field of research is given.

Blue luminescence (BL) and extended red emission (ERE) are observed as diffuse, optical-wavelength emissions in interstellar space, resulting from photoluminescence by ultraviolet(UV)-illuminated interstellar grains. Faintness and the challenge of separating the BL and ERE from the frequently much brighter dust-scattered continuum present major observational hurdles, which have permitted only slow progress in testing the numerous models that have been advanced to explain these two phenomena. Both the ERE, peaking near 680 nm (FWHM ~ 60 - 120 nm) and the BL, asymmetrically peaking at ~ 378 nm (FWHM ~ 45 nm), were first discovered in the Red Rectangle nebula. Subsequently, ERE and BL have been observed in other reflection nebulae, and in the case of the ERE, in carbon-rich planetary nebulae, H II regions, high-latitude cirrus clouds, the galactic diffuse ISM, and in external galaxies. BL exhibits a close spatial and intensity correlation with emission in the aromatic emission feature at 3.3 micron, most likely arising from small, neutral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules. The spectral characteristics of the BL also agree with those of fluorescence by PAH molecules with 13 to 19 carbon atoms. The BL phenomenon is thus most readily understood as the optical fluorescence of small, UV-excited aromatic molecules. The ERE, by contrast, though co-existent with mid-IR PAH emissions, does not correlate with emissions from either neutral or ionized PAHs. Instead, the spatial ERE morphology appears to be strictly governed by the density of far-UV (E ≥ 10.5 eV) photons, which are required for the ERE excitation. The most restrictive observational constraint for the ERE process is its exceptionally high quantum efficiency. If the ERE results from photo-excitation of a nano-particle carrier by photons with E ≥ 10.5 eV in a single-step process, the quantum efficiency exceeds 100%. Such a process, in which one to three low-energy optical photons may be emitted following a single far-UV excitation, is possible in highly isolated small clusters, e.g. small, dehydrogenated carbon clusters with about 20 to 28 carbon atoms. A possible connection between the ERE carriers and the carriers of DIBs may exist in that both are ubiquitous throughout the diffuse interstellar medium and both have an abundance of low-lying electronic levels with E ≤ 2.3 eV above the ground state.

There are a number of stochastic effects that must be considered when comparing models to observations of starburst clusters: the IMF is never fully populated; the stars can never be strictly coeval; stars rotate and their photometric properties depend on orientation; a significant fraction of massive stars are in interacting binaries; and the extinction varies from star to star. The probability distributions of each of these effects are not a priori known, but must be extracted from the observations. Markov Chain Monte-Carlo methods appear to provide the best statistical approach. Here I present an example of stochastic age effects upon the upper mass limit of the IMF of the Arches cluster as derived from near-IR photometry.

It is not straightforward to determine the distribution of supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Galaxy. The two main difficulties are that there are observational selection effects that mean that catalogues of SNRs are incomplete, and distances are not available for most remnants. Here I discuss the selection effects that apply to the latest catalogue of Galactic SNRs. I then compare the observed distribution of ‘bright’ SNRs in Galactic longitude with that expected from models in order to constrain the Galactic distribution of SNRs.

We present a radio survey of molecules in a sample of Galactic center molecular clouds, including M0.25 + 0.01, the clouds near Sgr A, and Sgr B2. The molecules detected are primarily NH3 and HC3N; in Sgr B2-N we also detect non-metastable NH3, vibrationally-excited HC3N, torsionally-excited CH3OH, and numerous isotopologues of these species. 36 GHz Class I CH3OH masers are ubiquitous in these fields, and in several cases are associated with new NH3 (3,3) maser candidates. We also find that NH3 and HC3N are depleted or absent toward several of the highest dust column density peaks identified in submillimeter observations, which are associated with water masers and are thus likely in the early stages of star formation.

HD 206860 is a young planet (HN Peg b) hosting star of spectral type G0V and it has a potential debris disk around it. In this work we measure the longitudinal magnetic field of HD 206860 using spectropolarimetric data and we measure the chromospheric activity using Ca II H&K, H-alpha and Ca II infrared triplet lines.

We examine properties of galaxies and quasars with steep low-frequency spectra from the UTR-2 catalogue. The number of the objects have the non-thermal X-ray emission due to the inverse Compton scattering of radio photons of the microwave background by relativistic electrons. So, it is possible to estimate the magnetic field strength and the ratio of energies of the magnetic field and relativistic particles, independently. As we have received the determined values of magnetic field strength are near to one order less than those at the well-known energy equipartition condition. We conclude from the obtained energy ratio that the energy of relativistic particles prevails over the energy of magnetic field in the galaxies and quasars with steep radio spectra.

The study of variable phenomena (periodic, irregular or transient) provides a unique way to acquire knowledge about objects in our Universe. Currently, we are going through a rapid expansion of time-domain astrophysics. One reason for this expansion is the technological developments materialised in small to medium size observational projects such as HAT, OGLE, Catalina, PTF and upcoming very large projects such as Gaia or LSST.

In this article, we are focusing on the ESA cornerstone mission Gaia. This spacecraft will provide astrometric, photometric and spectroscopic measurements for one billion stars. Among the existing and planned multi-epoch projects Gaia is unique because it will provide exquisite astrometric measurements for all objects it observes. We provide a brief overview of the literature concerning this mission and its expected contribution to variability studies.