Let ε > 0 be a small real parameter, let y, z be real m-dimensional and n-dimensional vectors respectively and let f, g be respectively real m-dimensional and n-dimensional vector functions of their arguments. This paper aims to discuss the following two problems in singular perturbations.

In recent years a great deal of attention has been devoted to the study of finite simple groups, but one aspect which seems to have been little considered is that of the laws they satisfy. In a recent paper [3], the first two of the present authors gave a basis for laws of PSL(2, 5). The techniques of [3] can be used to show that (modulo certain classification problems) a basis for the laws of PSL(2, pn) can be made up from laws of the following types:

(1) an exponent law,

(2) laws which determine the Sylow subgroups,

(3) laws which determine the normalisers of the Sylow subgroups,

(4) in certain special cases, laws which determine subvarieties of smaller exponent, e.g. the subvariety of exponent 12 for those PSL(2, pn) which contain S4,

(5) a law implying local finiteness.

A one-sided shift of finite type $(\mathsf{X}_{A},\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{A})$ determines on the one hand a Cuntz–Krieger algebra ${\mathcal{O}}_{A}$ with a distinguished abelian subalgebra ${\mathcal{D}}_{A}$ and a certain completely positive map $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{A}$ on ${\mathcal{O}}_{A}$. On the other hand, $(\mathsf{X}_{A},\unicode[STIX]{x1D70E}_{A})$ determines a groupoid ${\mathcal{G}}_{A}$ together with a certain homomorphism $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}_{A}$ on ${\mathcal{G}}_{A}$. We show that each of these two sets of data completely characterizes the one-sided conjugacy class of $\mathsf{X}_{A}$. This strengthens a result of Cuntz and Krieger. We also exhibit an example of two irreducible shifts of finite type which are eventually conjugate but not conjugate. This provides a negative answer to a question of Matsumoto of whether eventual conjugacy implies conjugacy.

Suppose that H/N is a section of a finite group G, i.e., that H is a subgroup of G and N is a normal subgroup of H. We are interested in the existence of normal subgroups M of G satisfying: Such an M can be called a normal complement to the section H/N in G.

In this paper we give a complete description of diameter-preserving linear bijections on the space of affine continuous functions on a compact convex set whose extreme points are split faces. We also give a description of such maps on function algebras considered on their maximal ideal space. We formulate and prove similar results for spaces of vector-valued functions.

Let (ℋ, G, U) be a continuous representation of the Lie group G by bounded operators g ↦ U(g) on the Banach space ℋ and let (ℋ, g, dU) denote the representation of the Lie algebra g obtained by differentiation. If a1,…, ad′ is a Lie algebra basis of g and Ai = dU(ai) then we examine elliptic regularity properties of the subelliptic operators where (cij) is a real-valued strictly positive-definite matrix and c0, c1,…, cd′ ∈ C. We first introduce a family of Lipschitz subspaces ℋγ, γ > 0, of ℋ which interpolate between the Cn-subspaces of the representation and for which the parameter γ is a continuous measure of differentiability. Secondly, we give a variety of characterizations of the spaces in terms of the semigroup generated by the closure of H and the group representation. Thirdly, for sufficiently large values of Re c0 the fractional powers of the closure of H are defined, and we prove that D()γ⊆γ′, for γ′ < 2γ/r where r is the rank of the basis. Further we establish that 2γ/r is the optimal regularity value and it is attained for unitary representations or for the representations obtained by restricting U to ℋγ. Many other regularity properties are obtained.

In the present paper we shall consider some subgroups of (increasing) autohomeomorphisms of the closed real interval <0, 1>; mainly because of brevity, we shall defer discussing possible generalizations of our results to more general ordered fields.

This article studies particular sequences satisfying polynomial recurrences, among those Apéry's sequence which is shown to be the Legendre transform of the sequence. This results in the construction of simultaneous approximations of π 2/8 and ζ(3).

If ρ is a congruence on a regular semigroup S, then the kernel of ρ is defined to be the set of ρ-classes which contain idempotents of S. Preston [7] has proved that two congruences on a regular semigroup coincide if and only if they have the same kernel: this naturally poses the problem of characterizing the kernel of a congruence on a regular semigroup and reconstructing the congruence from its kernel. In some sense this problem has been resolved by the author in [5]. Using the well-known theorem of M. Teissier (see for example, A. H. Clifford and G. B. Preston [1], Vol. II, Theorem 10.6), it is possible to characterize the kernel of a congruence on a regular semigroup S as a set A = {Ai: i ∈ I} of subsets of S which satisfy the Teissier-Vagner-Preston conditions:

The growth sequence of a finite semigroup S is the sequence {d(Sn)}, where Sn is the nth direct power of S and d stands for minimum generating number. When S has an identity, d(Sn) = d(Tn) + kn for all n, where T is the group of units and k is the minimum number of generators of S mod T. Thus d(Sn) is essentially known since d(Tn) is (see reference 4), and indeed d(Sn) is then eventually piecewise linear. On the other hand, if S has no identity, there exists a real number c > 1 such that d(Sn) ≥ cn for all n ≥ 2.

If G is a group, then K(G) is the set of commutators of elements of G. C is the class of groups such that G′ = K(G) is the minimal cardinality of any generating set of dG. We prove: Theorem A. Let G be a nilpotent group of class two such that G' is finite and d(G′) < 4.Then G < G.

Theorm B. Let G be a finite group such that G′ is elementary abelian of order p3. Then G ∈ C.

Theorem C. Let G be a finite group with an elementary abelian Sylow p-subgroup S, of order p2, such that S ⊆ K(G). Then S ⊆K(G).

If V is a system of weights on a completely regular Hausdorff space X and E is alocally convex space, then CV0(X, E) and CVb (X, E) are locally convex spaces of vector-valued continuous functions with topologies generated by seminorms which are weighted analogues of the supremum norm. In this paper we characterise multiplication operators on these spaces induced by scalar-valued and vector-valued mappings. Many examples are presented to illustrate the theory.

An integer n >0 is called a CLT-number if any group of order n has subgroups of order d for every divisor d of n. The Set of CLT-numbers n is characterized by properties of the prime factorization of n. In addition, if G has order dividing a CLT-number then the structure of G/CG(U) is given where U is a chief factor of G. As a consequence, it is shown that G is solvable of Fitting height at most 3.

Let X1, X2, …, XN be Banach spaces and ψ a continuous convex function with some appropriate conditions on a certain convex set in RN−1. Let (X1⊕X2⊕…⊕XN)Ψ be the direct sum of X1, X2, …, XN equipped with the norm associated with Ψ. We characterize the strict, uniform, and locally uniform convexity of (X1 ⊕ X2 ⊕ … ⊕ XN)Ψ; by means of the convex function Ψ. As an application these convexities are characterized for the ℓp, q-sum (X1 ⊕ X2 ⊕ … ⊕ XN)p, q (1 < q ≤ p ≤ ∈, q < ∞), which includes the well-known facts for the ℓp-sum (X1 ⊕ X2 ⊕ … ⊕ XN)p in the case p = q.

Special radical classes of near-rings are defined and investigated. It is shown that our approach, which differs from previous ones, does cater for all the well-known radicals of near-rings. Moreover, most of the desirable properties from their ring theory counterpart are retained. The relationship between the special radical of a near-ring and the corresponding matrix near-ring is given.

We provide a number of explicit examples of small volume hyperbolic 3-manifolds and 3-orbifolds with various geometric properties. These include a sequence of orbifolds with torsion of order q interpolating between the smallest volume cusped orbifold (q = 6) and the smallest volume limit orbifold (q → ∞), hyperbolic 3-manifolds with automorphism groups with large orders in relation to volume and in arithmetic progression, and the smallest volume hyperbolic manifolds with totally geodesic surfaces. In each case we provide a presentation for the associated Kleinian group and exhibit a fundamental domain and an integral formula for the co-volume. We discuss other interesting properties of these groups.

This paper concerns a generalization of the Markov branching process that preserves the random walk jump chain, but admits arbitrary positive jump rates. Necessary and sufficient conditions are found for regularity, including a generalization of the Harris-Dynkin integral condition when the jump rates are reciprocals of a Hausdorff moment sequence. Behaviour of the expected time to extinction is found, and some asymptotic properties of the explosion time are given for the case where extinction cannot occur. Existence of a unique invariant measure is shown, and conditions found for unique solution of the Forward equations. The ergodicity of a resurrected version is investigated.

In this paper we use a result from graph theory on the characterization of the line graphs of the complete bigraphs to show that if n is any integer ≥ 2 then any finite linear space having p = n2 − n or p = n2 − n + 1 points, of which at least n2 − n have degree n + 1, and q ≤ n2 + n − 1 lines is embeddable in an FPP of order n unless n = 4. If n = 4 there is only one possible exception for each of the two values of p, and for p = n2 − n, this exception can be embedded in the FPP of order 5.

Until recently there has been little systematic work on the second-order properties of queueing processes. The aim of this paper is to study systematically the second-order properties of the queue length processes embedded at departure epochs in the M/G/1 and bulk service M/G/1 queues, and at arrival epochs in the GI/M/1 queue. In the latter case our results extend those of Daley [7], while in the ordinary M/G/1 queue our work parallels Daley's [6] discussion of waiting times in the same system. In the final section we briefly discuss two discrete time queueing systems.

To any given balanced semigroup identity U ≈ W a number of polyhedral convex cones are associated. In this setting an algorithm is proposed which determines whether the given identity is satisfied in the bicylic semigroup or in the semigroup . The semigroups BC and E deserve our attention because a semigroup variety contains a simple semigroup which is not completely simple (respectively, which is idempotent free) if and only if this variety contains BC (respectively, E). Therefore, for a given identity U ≈ W it is decidable whether or not the variety determined by U ≈ W contains a simple semigroup which is not completely simple (respectively, which is idempotent free).