The effects of the isocaloric replacement of starch in a low-fat concentrate mixture by 8% soybean oil on the yield and composition of milk fat were investigated in a feeding experiment with 6 cows in mid lactation. Two high-fat concentrate mixtures were given to the cows. In one the requisite amount of soybean oil was given by including 50% coarsely ground soybeans in the concentrate mixture. In the other an equal amount of soybean oil was added directly to the concentrate mixture. The concentrate mixtures were given with a high-roughage diet that supplied 5·5kg hay and 2·7kg of sugar-beet pulp/day.

When the 2 high-fat rations were given to the cows there were reductions in the percentages and yields of 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 14:1, 16:0 and 16:1 fatty acids and increases in the concentrations and yields of 18:0, 18:1 and 18:2 fatty acids in the milk fat. The direct addition of the soybean oil to the diet also reduced the percentage and yield of 6:0 and 8:0 whilst the inclusion of the soybeans increased the percentage of 4:0 and the yields of 4: 0 and 6:0 in the milk fat.

When both high-fat rations were given to the cows there were increases in the yields and concentrations of as-9–18:1 in the milk fat, whilst inclusion of the soybean oil in the diet increased also the concentration and yield of trans-11–18:1.

The implications of these findings are discussed.

(1) Lactating Large White sows were given an intravenous infusion of [U-14C]glucose (3 sows), or of triglycerides containing [1-14C]palmitic acid (1 sow) or [1-14C]stearic acid (1 sow).

(2) The contribution of labelled plasma constituents to the synthesis of milk citrate, lactose, triglyceride glycerol, individual amino acids of the milk proteins and individual fatty acids of the triglyceride fraction was estimated by the ‘transfer quotient’ method. For the glucose infusions the mean values for the transfer quotients were: lactose, 70%; citrate, 42%; glyceride glycerol, 38%; protein, 3%; laurate, 6%; myristate, 12%; palmitate, 6%; palmitoleate, 4% and stearate, 2%. Palmitic acid of the plasma triglycerides made similar contributions of about 60% to the palmitic and palmitoleic acids of milk fat, whereas stearic acid made a major contribution (71 %) to the stearic acid of milk fat but a smaller contribution (42%) to oleic acid.

(3) The results are compared with corresponding values for the goat and the cow.

The effects on the composition of the plasma lipids of the isocaloric replacement of starch in a low-fat concentrate mixture by 8 % soybean oil were investigated in a feeding experiment with 6 cows in mid-lactation. Two high-fat concentrate mixtures were given: in one, the soybean oil was incorporated into the diet by the inclusion of the appropriate amount of coarsely ground soybeans; in the other, the soybean oil was incorporated directly in the concentrate mixture. The concentrate mixtures were given with a high-roughage diet that supplied daily 5·5kg hay and 2·7kg of sugar-beet pulp.

When the cows were given the 2 high-fat diets there were increases in the concentrations of total plasma fatty acids and in the concentrations of fatty acids circulating in the plasma as phospholipids and cholesteryl esters. There were increases in the concentrations of plasma unesterified fatty acids and triglyceride fatty acids when the cows were given the diet containing soybeans but there were decreases in the concentrations of these 2 fractions when the cows were given the diet containing soybean oil.

The inclusion of soybeans in the diet increased the concentration of 18:0 in the plasma triglycerides and unesterified fatty acids whilst the inclusion of soybean oil in the diet increased the concentrations of 18:0 and 18:1 but decreased the concentration of 18:2 in the plasma unesterified fatty acids.

When the cows were given the 2 high-fat diets there were decreases in the concentrations of 16:0 and 16:1 and increases in the concentration of 18:2 in the plasma cholesteryl esters. The inclusion of soybeans in the diet also reduced the concentrations of 18:1 and 20:3 in the plasma cholesteryl esters but increased the concentrations of 18:0 and 18:2 in the plasma phospholipids.

The major fatty acid circulating in the plasma of the cows was 18:2 (46·4–55·3%) on all diets but only about 1% (0·40–1·04%) of the total plasma 18:2 occurred in the plasma triglycerides.

The results are discussed in relation to the changes in the composition of the milk fatty acids produced by the cows when they were given the experimental diets.

Samples of liquid and solid fractions obtained by a commercial process from anhydrous milk fat of softening point (S.P.) 33·5–34°C had S.P. values of 22–23°C and 36–38°C respectively.

Determinations of fatty acid composition by GLC showed that unsaturated and short chain fatty acids were present in increased concentration in the liquid fraction (average 37·8 and 12·4% as compared with 35·1 and 10·8% in the original milk fat) and long chain saturated acids in the solid fraction (average 57·8 as compared with 53·8%). There was some concentration of carotene and vitamin A, and to a lesser extent of cholesterol, in the liquid fraction.

Crystallization and melting curves determined by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) showed that while the liquid fraction was completely melted at 25°C, the solid fraction contained an increased proportion of fat melting between 30 and 40°C. In addition to these high melting triglycerides the solid fraction also contained some 65% of fat in the liquid phase at the original crystallization temperature of 25°C.

Storage of aseptically packed UHT milk produced changes in the electrophoretic pattern of the milk caseins when the milk was stored at ambient or higher temperatures. Lower temperature storage at 4°C did not give rise to these changes.

The alterations in electrophoretic properties of the caseins appeared to be due to the action of carbonyl compounds, produced by a Maillard type of reaction, which led to changes in the charge of the protein together with some degree of polymerization. These conclusions have been drawn from results obtained on model systems of casein-lactose subjected to various heat treatments, and on casein and milk treated with acetaldehyde.

Changes in the sensitivity to calcium ions of individual caseins, whole casein and milk that had been subjected to various heat treatments or to treatment with acetaldehyde showed that all these different treatments gave rise to modified casein which, in general, became less sensitive to calcium. κ-Casein when treated alone rapidly lost its ability to protect αs1-casein from precipitation by calcium ions, while αs1-casein treated alone only gradually became more soluble in the presence of calcium. Thus, on treating whole casein there was evidence for a stability minimum when the protective ability of the κ-casein has been destroyed without a compensating gain in the stability of the αs1-casein.

The importance of these changes in relation to the stability of UHT milks has not yet been elucidated but the results indicate that cross linking between protein chains and changes in calcium sensitivity occur during long-term storage.

Samples of commercially processed ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk were stored at 4, 20, 30 and 37°C for up to 2 years or until gelation occurred.

The stability of the proteins to ethanol, calcium ions and rennet decreased with time of storage. However, preliminary autoclaving of the UHT milk induced a high degree of stability.

The extent of protein decomposition that had occurred in the UHT milk samples depended on the time and temperature of storage. There was negligible decomposition when the samples had been autoclaved before storage at 4 and 20°C. Storage at 37°C led to significant decomposition.

UHT milk samples gelled after being stored for 13 months at 4, 20 and 30°C, but not at 37°C. The autoclaved milk was still fluid after being stored for 2 years at these temperatures.

The time of onset of gelation did not depend on the degree of protein breakdown, and it seemed therefore that proteolysis was not the primary cause of gelation on storage.

It was concluded that the proteins in UHT milk underwent several changes on storage that were apparently independent of each other and led ultimately to coagulation of the milk. These changes included proteolysis, and a progressive loss of stability under conditions that favoured aggregation of the casein micelles.

Fat analyses were carried out on fore-milk and residual milk samples to elucidate the significance of the changes in fatty-acid composition of milk fat during milking previously reported by other workers. The levels of phospholipid in fore-milk samples per unit weight of fat were considerably higher than those of residual milk samples. The fatty acid composition of the triglyceride in fore-milk and residual milk samples was similar. These results suggest that the differences in fatty acid composition of milk fat collected during milking can be attributed to decreases in the relative amount of phospholipid-rich globule membrane associated with increasing globule diameter.

The concentrations of lactose, potassium, sodium, chloride and citric acid were determined in milks of cows, sows, ewes and goats. For cows, sows and ewes trends with lactation are reported and for all species correlations between constituents in milks secreted in mid-lactation are given. The results are discussed in relation to the secretion of water-soluble constituents in milk.

Between August and May-the butter-making season in New Zealand-the average vitamin Dcontent of the butterfat varied between 10 and 64 i.u./100g and during the corresponding months in Great Britain (February-November) the values were between 15 and 39 i.u./100g. At the beginning and end of the season the values in both countries were similarly low but in mid-season New Zealand values were up to twice those for Great Britain. Within each country the vitamin D values were highly correlated with hours of sunshine and, for both countries, with total radiation, which includes the diffuse radiation in ‘skyshine’ and also allows for variation in sunshine intensity. The higher content of vitamin D in New Zealand butter in mid-season was attributed to a higher level of total radiation.

A method based on salt fractionation, iso-electric precipitation and gel filtration chromatography is described for the purification of the enzyme rennin (E.C. 3.4.4.3).

(1). A study is reported on the effects of 4 levels of coconut oil, added to a basal diet low in fat, on the secretion in cow's milk of fat and its component fatty acids. (2) A significant reduction in the yield of milk fat occurred at the highest level of supplementation. In terms of individual fatty acids the yields of lauric and myristic acids increased progressively with increased intake, maximum yields being obtained with the 7% level of coconut oil. Conversely the yields of caproic, caprylic, capric and palmitic acids progressively decreased with increased coconut oil intake. The yields of C18 acids were unchanged.

The interaction of β-lactoglobulin and κ-casein at high temperature was studied polarimetrically. The rate of interaction was related to the genetic variant of β-lactoglobulin present. β-Lactoglobulin B, whose thermodenaturation was faster than that of A variant, interacted more rapidly with κ-casein than did the A variant. Velocity sedimentation studies indicated that characteristics of the complex were determined more by the β-lactoglobulin than by the κ-casein. The presence of κ-casein during the thermodenaturation of β-lactoglobulin appeared to prevent the aggregation of β-lactoglobulin from proceeding to completion, the κ-casein complexing with intermediate species and restricting the aggregation process.

A process for the removal of cationic fission products from milk is described in which no prior acidification is necessary. The milk is treated at 40°C by 2 beds of suitably charged cation exchange resins, one of which is of the carboxylic acid type and the other of the sulphonic acid type. On the first bed all the metallic cations of the milk are replaced by K+ and H+, and on the second the ioniccomposition is restored. During processing the pH is reduced from 6·8 to approximately 6·2 and is restored to 6·8 by the addition of alkali metal carbonates to the milk after treatment.

On a pilot plant of capacity 1600 1 (30 resin bed volumes) per 5-h day it was found that the radiochemical efficiency was approximately 80% for 85Sr and 97% for 137Cs.

The process caused some losses of vitamins, especially of thiamine, and an increase in the lead, copper and iron contents all of which, however, were at an acceptable level. Other changes in chemical composition were negligible and enzymic clotting time remained unchanged. Flavour and appearance of the product were satisfactory and it was satisfactorily both roller- and spray-dried. The process is discussed with reference to an earlier method in which prior acidification is necessary. It is concluded that the double-bed process is somewhat more efficient for the removal of fission products and that a full-scale plant would be little or no more expensive to erect and only slightly more expensive to operate.

The contribution that the computer has made in the interpretation and analysis of a metabolic profile test, which is designed to monitor the metabolic health of a dairy herd and assess the adequacy of dietary intake for production, is described. The test is based on an assessment of blood chemistry for any number of variates, which constitute the metabolic profile, measured for randomly selected cows from 3 groups of a herd: dry cows, cows giving intermediate quantities of milk and cows giving high daily yields. The computer program is designed to give an objective and comprehensive assessment of the test in an easily interpretable form based on a pictorial form of print-out. The profile is displayed as a ‘histogram’ presented as standard deviations from the normal base-line, and for each variable a scatter diagram is included presenting the individual variates plotted against the particular animal's daily milk yield.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feeding polyunsaturated fish oils to dairy cows receiving rations of high, medium or low roughage content. In the rumen, the decreases in the proportion of acetic acid and increases in propionic acid induced by the oils became greater as the amount of oil given was increased but the magnitude of the response to any dose depended upon the composition of the basal diet. The effects on volatile fatty acids (VFA) proportions of small amounts of the oils (125–150 ml/day) were greatest with the low-roughage rations. With large doses of oil (375–450 ml/day) the responses were variable but it is concluded that, in general, changes in VFA proportions are least with low-roughage rations.

The fat content of milk was more sensitive to dietary oil supplementation than were the rumen VFA proportions. When the unsaturated oils were given there was a decrease in milk fat percentage and an increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the fat; there was also increased incorporation of fatty acids with more than 18 carbon atoms in the milk fat. The metabolism in the rumen tended to become adapted to the feeding of 150 ml/day of oil, the VFA pattern returning during the second and third week of supplementation to that observed before the addition of oil.