We prove that if the order-one differential operator $S=\partial_1 + \sum_{i=2}^{n} \beta_i\partial_i + \gamma$, with $\beta_i,\gamma \in K[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$, generates a maximal left ideal of the Weyl algebra $A_n(K)$, then $S$ does not admit any Darboux differential operator in $K[x_1,\ldots,x_n]\langle \partial_2,\ldots,\partial_n\rangle $; hence in particular, the derivation $\partial_1 + \sum_{i=2}^{n} \beta_i\partial_i$ does not admit any Darboux polynomial in $K[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$. We show that the converse is true when $\beta_i \in K[x_1,x_i]$, for every $i=2,\ldots,n$. Then, we generalize to $K[x_1,\ldots,x_n]$ the classical result of Shamsuddin that characterizes the simple linear derivations of $K[x_1,x_2]$. Finally, we establish a criterion for the left ideal generated by $S$ in $A_n(K)$ to be maximal in terms of the existence of polynomial solutions of a finite system of differential polynomial equations.

We consider a class of deformations of Laplace-Beltrami operators on flat and constant curvature spaces, which possess a family of commuting operators. These are built as deformations of the symmetries of the underlying geometric space. In flat spaces it is also possible to extend some symmetries into ladder operators. In all cases it is possible to choose sub-classes which are super-integrable.

A ring is called clean if every element is the sum of an idempotent and a unit. It is an open question whether the tensor products of two clean algebras over a field is clean. In this note we study the tensor product of clean algebras over a field and we provide some examples to show that the tensor product of two clean algebras over a field need not be clean.

The universality of the derivative and logaritmic derivative of zeta-functions of normalized eigenforms is obtained. This is applied to estimate the number of zeros of the derivative in the critical strip.

In this paper we investigate existence and nonexistence of positive solutions for inhomogeneous semilinear elliptic systems in $R^n$. A criteria of existence and nonexistence of positive solutions is given by the exponents of the rate of nonlinear terms at infinity.

It is shown that, if $E$ and $F$ are Banach spaces containing complemented copies of $\ell_1$, then the space of integral operators ${\mathcal I}(E,F^*)\equiv (E\otimes_\eps F)^*$ contains a complemented copy of $\ell_2$. This answers a question of Félix Cabello and Ricardo García.

The trilinear form of the discrete Tzitzeica equation by Schief is found to be a discrete Toda molecule equation with a special boundary condition. Based on this fact, a higher order discrete Tzitzeica equation and an ultradiscrete Tzitzeica equation are obtained.

The discrete universality of the derivative and logarithmic derivative of zeta-functions of normalized eigenforms is obtained. This is used to estimate the number of zeros of the derivatives in the critical strip. For the proof the method of functional limit theorems in the sense of weak convergence of probability measures is applied.

The method of ultradiscrete limit is applied to a series of discrete systems derived from Hamiltonian systems parametrized with corresponding lattice polygons. For every ultradiscrete system, general solution is obtained from the polar set of each lattice polygon.

Let $\varphi(\cdot)$ denote the Euler function, and let $a>1$ be a fixed integer. We study several divisibility conditions which exhibit typographical similarity with the standard formulation of the Euler theorem, such as $a^n \equiv 1\!\!\!\!\pmod{\varphi(n)}$, and we estimate the number of positive integers $n\le x$ satisfying these conditions.

We study the analysis of a probability density $K$ on a Lie group $G$, where $G$ is a semidirect product of a compact group $M$ with a nilpotent group $N$. To approximate analysis on $G$ with analysis on $N$, it is natural to consider certain maps (“realizations”) of $G$ onto $N$. In this paper, we prove the existence of a realization of $G$ in $N$ which is $K$-harmonic (modulo the commutator subgroup of $N$). By utilizing this result and extending some ideas of Alexopoulos, we can prove the boundedness in $L^p$ spaces of some new Riesz transforms associated with $K$, and obtain new regularity estimates for the convolution powers of $K$.

We consider the primes which divide the denominator of the $x$-coordinate of a sequence of rational points on an elliptic curve. It is expected that for every sufficiently large value of the index, each term should be divisible by a primitive prime divisor, one that has not appeared in any earlier term. Proofs of this are known in only a few cases. Weaker results in the general direction are given, using a strong form of Siegel's Theorem and some congruence arguments. Our main result is applied to the study of prime divisors of Somos sequences.

J.W.S. Cassels gave a solution to the problem of determining all instances of the sum of three consecutive cubes being a square. This amounts to finding all integer solutions to the Diophantine equation $y^2=3x(x^2+2)$. We describe an alternative approach to solving not only this equation, but any equation of the type $y^2=nx(x^2+2)$, with $n$ a natural number. Moreover, we provide an explicit upper bound for the number of solutions of such Diophantine equations. The method we present uses the ingenious work of Wilhelm Ljunggren, and a recent improvement by the authors.

In this paper we establish a uniform distribution result for the time spent by a billiard particle in the unit square having vertices (0,0), (1,0), (1,1), (0,1), with small triangular pockets of size $\epsilon$ removed from its corners.

The hierarchy structure of a derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation is investigated in terms of the Sato-Segal-Wilson formulation. Special solutions are constructed as ratios of Wronski determinants. Relations to the Painlevé IV and the discrete Painlevé I are discussed by applying a similarity reduction.

We consider order and type properties of Marcinkiewicz and Lorentz function spaces. We show that if $0<p<1$, a $p$-normable quasi-Banach space is natural (i.e. embeds into a $q$-convex quasi-Banach lattice for some $q>0$) if and only if it is finitely representable in the space $L_{p,\infty}.$ We also show in particular that the weak Lorentz space $L_{1,\infty}$ do not have type $1$, while a non-normable Lorentz space $L_{1,p}$ has type $1$. We present also criteria for upper $r$-estimate and $r$-convexity of Marcinkiewicz spaces.

We use Arkhipov's twisting functors to show that the universal enveloping algebra of a semi-simple complex finite-dimensional Lie algebra surjects onto the space of ad-finite endomorphisms of the simple highest weight module $L(\lambda)$, whose highest weight is associated (in the natural way) with a subset of simple roots and a simple root in this subset. This is a new step towards a complete answer to a classical question of Kostant. We also show how one can use the twisting functors to reprove the classical results related to this question.

We present some results on locally (soluble-by-finite) groups with various restrictions on subgroups of infinite rank.

A ring $R$ is called left morphic if, for every $a\in R$, $R/Ra\cong {\bf l}(a)$ where ${\bf l}(a)$ denotes the left annihilator of $a$ in $R$. Right morphic rings are defined analogously. In this paper, we investigate when the trivial extension $R\propto M$ of a ring $R$ and a bimodule $M$ over $R$ is (left) morphic. Several new families of (left) morphic rings are identified through the construction of trivial extensions. For example, it is shown here that if $R$ is strongly regular or semisimple, then $R\propto R$ is morphic; for an integer $n>1$, ${\mathbb Z}_n\propto {\mathbb Z}_n$ is morphic if and only if $n$ is a product of distinct prime numbers; if $R$ is a principal ideal domain with classical quotient ring $Q$, then the trivial extension $R\propto {Q}/{R}$ is morphic; for a bimodule $M$ over $\mathbb Z$, ${\mathbb Z}\propto M$ is morphic if and only if $M\cong{\mathbb Q}/{\mathbb Z}$. Thus, ${\mathbb Z}\propto {\mathbb Q}/{\mathbb Z}$ is a morphic ring which is not clean. This example settled two questions both in the negative raised by Nicholson and Sánchez Campos, and by Nicholson, respectively.

A construction of differential constraints compatible with the Gibbons-Tsarev equation is considered. Certain linear determining equations with parameters are used to find such differential constraints. They generalize the classical determining equations that are used in searching for Lie operators. We introduce the notion of an invariant solution under an involutive distribution and give sufficient conditions for existence of such solutions.