Although the involvement of common childhood infections in the aetiology of acute appendicitis has long been conjectured, supporting evidence is largely restricted to a disparate set of clinical case reports. A systematic population-based analysis of the implied comorbid associations is lacking in the literature. Drawing on a classic epidemiological dataset, assembled by the School Epidemics Committee of the United Kingdom's Medical Research Council (MRC) in the 1930s, this paper presents a historical analysis of the association between termly outbreaks of each of six common childhood infections (chickenpox, measles, mumps, rubella, scarlet fever and whooping cough) and operated cases of acute appendicitis in 27 English public boarding schools. When controlled for the potential confounding effects of school, year and season, multivariate negative binomial regression revealed a positive association between the level of appendicitis activity and the recorded rate of mumps (β=0·15, 95% CI 0·07–0·24, P<0·001). Non-significant associations were identified between appendicitis and the other sample infectious diseases. Subject to data caveats, our findings suggest that further studies are required to determine whether the comorbid association between mumps and appendicitis is causal.

This report describes the effective public health response to a measles outbreak involving a university campus in Brisbane, Australia. Eleven cases in total were notified, mostly university students. The public health response included targeted measles vaccination clinics which were established on campus and focused on student groups most likely to have been exposed. The size of the university population, social interaction between students on and off campus, as well as limited vaccination records for the university community presented challenges for the control of this extremely infectious illness. We recommend domestic students ensure vaccinations are current prior to matriculation. Immunisation information should be included in university student enrolment packs. Incoming international students should ensure routine vaccinations are up-to-date prior to arrival in Australia, thereby reducing the risk of importation of measles and other infectious diseases.

(1) Bacteriological examination of 1078 enterica-suspect cases showed that 112 (i.e. 10 per cent.) were due to Bacillus asiaticus Castellani. In the same series 12 per cent. were found to be due to B. typhosus or B. paratyphosus (A or B).

(2) The distribution of cases is widespread, both in time and space, and there is no special incidence on sex or age-group.

(3) The symptomatology of asiaticus parenteric fever is detailed and a description is given of the causal organism.

(4) There is some group-(agglutination) relation between B. asiaticus and the paratyphoid-Gaertner subgroup.

(5) Parenterica due to “intermediate organisms” other than B. asiaticus is believed to exist in Egypt. These will be dealt with in a later communication.

(6) Early haemo-culture in all enterica-suspect cases should be considered the diagnostic method par excellence. If the blood develops immune bodies as well, the diagnosis becomes definite.

A serological analysis of mycelial antigens of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris in immunodiffusion with human sera revealed five individual antigens. Three antigens were proteins, sensitive to pronase and soluble in phenol. Two were cationic polysaccharides, sensitive to sodium periodate, and containing glucosamine and muramic acid.

Latex coated with mycelial antigens was compared with precipitin tests in detecting antibodies to T. vulgaris; the number of positive results detected by each test differed slightly, and a combination of the two tests detected the highest number. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) was shown to be a very sensitive method for detecting precipitins, but not for their measurement. A prospective evaluation of immunodiffusion, latex agglutination and CIE as potential serodiagnostic techniques for farmer's lung disease is suggested.

Retaining adolescents (aged 10–19 years), living with HIV (ALHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is challenging. In Myanmar, 1269 ALHIV were under an Integrated HIV Care (IHC) Programme by June 2017 and their attrition (death and lost to follow-up) rates were not assessed before. We undertook a cohort study using routinely collected data of ALHIV enrolled into HIV care from July 2005 to June 2017 and assessed their attrition rates in June 2018 by time-to-event analysis. Of 1269 enrolled, 197(16%) and of 1054 initiated ART, 224 (21%) had an attrition defining event. The pre-ART and ART attrition rates were 21.8 (95% CI 19.0–25.1) and 6.4 (95% CI 5.6–7.3) per 100 person-years follow-up, respectively. The factors ‘at enrolment’ that were associated with higher hazards of attrition were: (1) WHO stage 3 or 4; (2) haemoglobin <10 gm/dl; (3) no documented CD4 cell counts, hepatitis B and C test results; and (4) injection drug use. Baseline hazards were high during the initial 1–2 years and after 5–6 years. The pre-ART and ART attrition rates in ALHIV were lower than those in Africa but higher than the children under IHC. This warrants designing and implementing additional care tailored to the needs of ALHIV under IHC.

Two different types of inclusion bodies have been found by electron-microscopy in the cytoplasm of sectioned lymphocytes from children infected with measles.

The first is tubular, 18 nm. internal diameter, embedded in osmiophilic material, and is found during the incubation period. It is not thought to be specific for measles, and is probably identical with structures recently reported in HEp-2 cell lines and tumour tissue.

The second type is less obviously tubular and morphologically resembles measles nucleocapsid. This was found only after the rash had appeared.

Fifty-one strains recently isolated from cases of bovine mastitis have been studied in their morphological, cultural and biochemical reactions.

Using their colony appearance in blood agar as the first differential criterion we have shown that the strains differ widely from one another and from the α β and γ streptococci usually encountered in human disease.

The heterogeneity of mastitis streptococci was strikingly demonstrated. From the results of a relatively small number of cultural and biochemical tests it could be shown that no two of the fifty-one strains were identical, in every respect.

The findings recorded suggest that great caution must be exercised in ascribing a bovine or human origin to individual strains of streptococci on the results of cultural or biochemical reactions.

The main object of the experiment which this note describes was to determine whether influenza virus could be preserved by the ‘peptone-plug’ method of drying which has recently been found to be very effective for bacteria (Annear, 1956). Two other methods of preservation were also compared in parallel with it: (a) the centrifugal freeze-drying technique (Fry & Greaves, 1951) and (b) deep-freezing.

Evidence of the presence of salmonellas in a paediatric ward, a special care baby unit, a maternity unit and a hospital kitchen was obtained by culture of sewer swabs, faeces and food samples. The survey was designed to cause as little administrative interference as possible. The technical aspects of the survey did not strain laboratory facilities. Minimal secondary spread of salmonella infection was experienced.

Prisons/jails are thought to amplify the transmission of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) particularly methicillin-resistant SA infection and colonisation. Two independently pooled cross-sectional samples of detainees being admitted or discharged from two New York State maximum-security prisons were used to explore this concept. Private interviews of participants were conducted, during which the anterior nares and oropharynx were sampled and assessed for SA colonisation. Log-binomial regression and correspondence analysis (CA) were used to evaluate the prevalence of colonisation at entry as compared with discharge. Approximately 51% of admitted (N = 404) and 41% of discharged (N = 439) female detainees were colonised with SA. Among males, 59% of those admitted (N = 427) and 49% of those discharged (N = 393) were colonised. Females had a statistically significant higher prevalence (1·26: P = 0·003) whereas males showed no significant difference (1·06; P = 0·003) in SA prevalence between entry and discharge. CA demonstrated that some strains, such as spa types t571 and t002, might have an affinity for certain mucosal sites. Contrary to our hypothesis, the prison setting did not amplify SA transmission, and CA proved to be a useful tool in describing the population structure of strains according to time and/or mucosal site.

Modern contact insecticides (like DDT) in powder form are ideal for combating widespread lousiness; but for various reasons they are not suitable for disinfecting small numbers of infested people under civilized conditions. It appears that the most convenient, efficient method in these circumstances is a small-scale fumigation of the infested garments, in either a metal bin or a plastic bag. Ethyl formate, one of the liquid fumigants suggested for this purpose by W. A. L. David in 1944, has been further tested and found efficient. In a plastic bag the size of a potato sack (about 30 × 40 in.), four blankets can be deloused by a dose of 100 ml. with an hour's exposure or a quarter of this dose with an exposure of 5 hr. or more. An overnight treatment with this dose would be safe and convenient, costing about Is. and the actual operations would take only a few minutes.

In December, 1920, Capt. F.C. Minett, R.A.V.C., of the Royal Army Veterinary School, Aldershot, published an account of diphtheria bacilli isolated by him from eleven horses and one mule. He states that during the last year of the War and for some months after the Armistice the laboratory at the Army Veterinary School received for examination numerous specimens of pus derived chiefly from suspected cases of ulcerative lymphangitis; a condition in horses in which swelling of the lower parts of a limb or limbs is accompanied by abscess formation followed by ulceration. From this material he collected and investigated a number of diphtheroid strains including the bacillus of Preisz-Nocard and in the course of his inquiry discovered twelve strains of the diphtheria bacillus.

A phased introduction of routine influenza vaccination of healthy children was recommended in the UK in 2012, with the aim of protecting both vaccinated children and the wider population through reducing transmission. In the first year of the programme in 2013–2014, 4- to 11-year-olds were targeted in pilot areas across England. This study assesses if this was associated with school absenteeism, an important societal burden of influenza. During the spring 2014 term when influenza predominantly circulated, the proportion of absence sessions due to illness was compared between vaccination pilot and non-pilot areas for primary schools (to measure overall impact) and secondary schools (to measure indirect impact). A linear multilevel regression model was applied, adjusting for clustering within schools and potential school-level confounders, including deprivation, past absenteeism, and ethnicity. Low levels of influenza activity were reported in the community in 2013–2014. Primary schools in pilot areas had a significantly adjusted decrease in illness absenteeism of 0·05% relative to non-pilot schools; equivalent to an average of 4 days per school. In secondary schools, there was no significant indirect impact of being located in a pilot area on illness absenteeism. These insights can be used in conjunction with routine healthcare surveillance data to evaluate the full benefits of such a programme.

The effect of actinomycin D on the growth of African horse sickness virus in monkey kidney cells was studied. It was found that actinomycin D inhibited the yield of virus. It is suggested that African horse sickness virus is either a DNA containing virus or an RNA virus whose replication is DNA-dependent.

1. The occurrence of an exalted strain of rabies virus has been recorded and a definition given of virus de rue renforcé.

2. The characteristics of exalted virus have been examined in respect of incubation time, fixation rate and absence of Negri bodies.

3. An adequate classification of street virus strains has been suggested.

4. Cross-immunity experiments have been carried out and, as a result of cross-protection tests and of crossed serum reactions, identity of exalted virus with the classical strain has been established.

5. The employment of autogenous and polyvalent vaccines has been shown to be unnecessary in anti-rabies immunisation.

The Oxford panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to subtype 83 strains of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 of human and environmental origin. The International panel was also used to subtype 50 of them. All the 18 patients' isolates were of the Pontiac subgroup, and 40/43 of the environmental strains of the Pontiac subgroup were associated with human infection. The remaining environmental strains were subgroups Olda (15 strains), Camperdown (5 strains), and Bellingham (2 strains). The Philadelphia subgroup was the commonest among the environmental strains tested with the international MABs panel.

This study confirms previous findings that L. pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates with the Pontiac (Oxford panel) or MAB-2 (international panel) reacting antigen marker seem to be more virulent than the other subgroups.

As most children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) present with mild symptoms or they are asymptomatic, the optimal strategy for molecular testing it is not well defined. The aim of the study was to determine the extent and aetiology of molecular testing for SARS-CoV-2 in Greek paediatric departments during the first phase of the pandemic and identify possible differences in incidence, depending on the age group and geographical area. We conducted a nationwide study of molecular testing for SARS-CoV-2 of children in paediatric departments between March and June 2020. A total of 65 paediatric departments participated in the study, representing 4901 children who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and 90 (1.8%) were positive. Most paediatric cases were associated with topical outbreaks. Adolescents 11–16 years had the highest positivity rate (3.6%) followed by children 6–10 years (1.9%). However, since the testing rate significantly differed between age groups, the modified incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection per age group was highest in infants <1 year (19.25/105 population). Most children tested presented with fever (70.9%), respiratory (50.1%) or gastrointestinal symptoms (28.1%). Significant differences were detected between public and private hospitals regarding the positivity rate (2.34% vs. 0.39%, P-value <0.001). Significant variation in SARS-CoV-2 molecular testing positivity rate and incidence between age groups indicate discrepancies in risk factors among different age groups that shall be considered when ordering molecular testing.

The distribution of phage types among 221 human strains of Salmonella paratyphi A in Indonesia was studied. Approximately 50% were phage type 5, a rare type elsewhere in the world. Most other isolates were the cosmopolitan phage type 1. The ratio of phage type 1–5 was compared for two cities on Java, Jakarta and Yogyakarta. The ratios were significantly different, phage type 5 predominating in Jakarta. The ratio of phage types among 10 S. paratyphi A strains isolated from Jakarta river water was similar to that found in Jakarta patients.

Of late years the bacteriological examination of water has become of greater importance in routine work and more widely employed. With this development it has become increasingly apparent that the mere number of organisms present in a given quantity of water, though of considerable value, is liable to cause many fallacies of solely relied upon.

We investigated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk associated with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) (Aim-1) and LTBI therapy (Aim-2) in British Columbia, a low-tuberculosis-incidence setting. 49,197 participants had valid LTBI test results. Cox proportional hazards model was fitted, adjusting for potential confounders. Compared with the participants who tested LTBI negative, LTBI positive was associated with an 8% higher CVD risk in complete case data (adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 1.08, 95% CI: 0.99-1.18), a statistically significant 11% higher risk when missing confounder values were imputed using multiple imputation (HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.02-1.20), and 10% higher risk when additional proxy variables supplementing known unmeasured confounders were incorporated in the highdimensional disease risk score technique to reduce residual confounding (HR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.20). Also, compared with participants who tested negative, CVD risk was 27% higher among people who were LTBI positive but incomplete LTBI therapy (HR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.04-1.55), whereas the risk was similar in people who completed LTBI therapy (HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.87-1.24). Findings were consistent in different sensitivity analyses. We concluded that LTBI is associated with an increased CVD risk in low-tuberculosis-incidence settings, with a higher risk associated with incomplete LTBI therapy and attenuated risk when therapy is completed.