During 1965–67, the seasonal history and habits of two oak bark beetles, Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus (Zimm.) and P. pruinosus (Eichhoff), were studied in 47 oaks, Quercus spp., in southern Ohio.All study trees were attacked and the male beetles made initial entry into the trees. The attack period per tree was usually 1–3 days, and the density of attack varied from 5 to 120 galleries 1 ft2 of surface area. Oviposition began as soon as egg gallery construction began, and the incubation period was about 5 days in the summer. The rate of egg gallery construction was about 0.2 in./day in mid-summer. The average length of the egg galleries was 1.9 cm and the average number of eggs per gallery was 41.5. Over 50% of the parent adults of both species re-emerged after egg gallery construction and oviposition. The re-emerging parent adults can attack, lay eggs, and re-emerge three times. The larval stage can last 25–247 days, the pupal stage 15–139 days, and the adult stage 7–198 days. The beetles can overwinter in every stage but the pupal stage. Spring emergence occurred 29 April in 1966 and 14 April in 1967, and in southern Ohio, two generations and a partial one occur each year.Trap trees were attacked 7–205 days and brood emergence lasted 58–329 days. The beetles can attack one tree three times.

During some investigations on grasshoppers it became necessary to know how long they would survive without food or water after hatching. The literature contains only scanty observations. Washburn (1911) reported that grasshoppers “freshly hatched, can live from four to five days without food”. Langford (1930) showed that 30 per cent of Melanoplus femur-rubrum (DeG.) and M. differenrialis (Thos.) (adults?) survived for two days at 95° F. without food and 100 per cent survived for two days at 69° F. At 38° F. 40 per cent survived for 13 days. Telenga (1930) kept first-instar Schistocerca gregaria Forsk. in outdoor cages without food and water where they survived only two days. Bodenheimer (1929) found that the average life of newly hatched S. gregaria in outdoor cages without food at ± 15° C. was 3.6 days, with a maximum of nine days, and that later instars that were starved lived longer at higher humidities. Ludwig (1937) testing the effect of different relative humidities on survival showed that third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar Chortophaga viridifasciata (DeG.) survived starvation for 5.2 to 6.6 days at 25° C, at all re1ative humidities from 5 to 96 per cent.

♂. Allied to A. bicarnea Guen,; smaller and distinguishable by the evenness of the t. p. line. Fore wings dead brownish black. T. a. line rigidly oblique to submedian fold, not rounded as in its ally, and with a less prominent tooth on internal margin. A very faint yellowish shading to the line and also on the costa at inception of t. p. line, where A. bicarnea is strongly marked with carneous. T. p. line shaped as in its ally, but even, geminate, the inner line not scalloped; the component lines include a pale shading.

Certain aspects of the reproductive ability of sterilized and unsterilized tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), of a laboratory strain and a field strain, tested as single pairs, were studied; special attention was given to those females of pairs that mated but did not reproduce and to the distribution of sperm in the reproductive tract at various times after mating. Most of the sperm from the first two successful matings reached the spermatheca, but after three or more matings, substantial amounts were also present in the bursa copulatrix and(or) seminal duct. Ca. 18% and 35% of the unsterilized laboratory strain and field strain pairs, respectively, did not reproduce; 4.6% and 20.6%, respectively, locked or failed to mate. The percentage of mated pairs was reduced by the presence of a field strain female in crosses of the strains. Exposure to irradiation and chemosterilants reduced fertility but had little effect on mating frequency in either strain. Percentage egg hatch was the same for the untreated insects of both strains.

Two orders of insects, Lepidoptera and Diptera, are responsible for most of the seed destruction in shortleaf pine in the Georgia Piedmont. The phycitids Dioryctria amatella (Hulst), D. zimmermani (Groté), and D. clarioralis (Walker) were found in approximately equal numbers. A gelechiid, Battaristis vitella (Bsk.), was commonly found in dried cones. Three genera of cecidomyiids, Hyperdiplosis, Lestodiplosis, and Mycodiplosis, were found to inhabit cones and cause considerable damage.

An inquiline nitidulid, Coleopterus truncatus (Rand), commonly occurs in Dioryctria-damaged cones.

There has been much confusion between the North American species of leafhoppers of the genus Streptanus Ribaut, partly because the species are so closely related and partly because the extent of the variation in markings and wing length was not fully appreciated. Four species have been found in North America, of which three hwe been recorded previously. The four are conspecific with species described from Europe, and the specific names that have been applied to North American species must be reduced to synonymy.

During the course of investigations of the life history of the pine root collar weevil, Hylobius radicis Buchanan, in Wisconsin, a larval parasite was encountered by the junior author. The Braconid adults which emerged represent an undescribed species of the genus Bracon.

Laboratory and field tests revealed the possibility of infecting larvae of Hyphantria cunea Drury with the nuclearpolyhedrosis virus of Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.). H. cunea is highly susceptible to the action of this virus, particularly the second instar larvae where mortality reached 100%. Virus infected larvae of H. cunea showed the same symptoms of infection as those observed on the original host, T. lineola. Several problems still have to be elucidated, namely to determine whether T. lineola or H. cunea is the primary host as both species often live in the same phytocenosis.

Females of Microctonus vittatae Muesebeck reared at 20°C were darker in colour than females reared at 25°C but were lighter than those reared at 15°C. Temperature during the parasite’s larval or pupal development in the cocoon, or both, was apparently responsible for the colour differences. The observed effect of temperature is probably also associated with colour variability among adults of M. vittatae field-collected throughout the season.

This species keys to eleodis Vier. in Muesebeck's revision (U.S. Dept. Agric., Misc. Pub. No. 241, p. 16, 1936) and is very similar to that species and M. aethiops Nees. The female of M. eleodis differs in having a longer ovipositor sheath (about 1.2 times as long as abdomen bevond petiole), shorter petiole (only 1.9 to 2.2 times as long as its apical width), less strongly excavated and longer propodeum (only about 1.5 times as wide as long). The female of M. aethiops differs in having a pair of small dorsal pits near the middle of the petiole (both sexes), shorter ovipositor sheath (about 0.75 times as long as abdomen beyond petiole), slightly shorter petiole (about 2.2 times as long as apical width), and completely black petiole.

Both Petrova albicapitana (Busck) and P. metallica (Busck) attack Pinus contorta Dougl. in Alberta. The similarity of their larvae and of the pitch-blister nodules that they construct make it difficult to identify the 2 species in the field; however, they can be separated on the basis of their feeding damage. The abundance of males caught in pheromone traps indicates that P. metallica was more common than P. albicapitana in 1981–1984, and more widely distributed than previously recorded in Alberta. The examination of the feeding damage and the pheromone trapping of males indicate P. metallica occur only in stands of P. contorta in Alberta. Petrova albicapitana, however, was collected in stands of P. contorta, P. banksiana Lamb., and a mixture of P. contorta and P. banksiana. The 2 species differed in seasonal occurrence and abundance at different elevations.

Studies in the Entomology Division at Ottawa in 1957 and 1958 led to the design and building of a “walk-in” air-conditioned cabinet for rearing insects, air motion and distribution as well as temperature and humidity being precisely controlled. The air is heated, cooled, humidified, and dehumidified in four separate ducts. A quadrate funnel for the air exhaust gives especially even distribution of the air within the cabinet, the air moving at 25 to 30 f.p.m.Temperature and humidity can be held at any desired levels from 65 to 85 ± 0.5°F. and from 45 to an accuracy of ± 1 per cent R.H. provided that ambient conditions are within 65 to 85°F. and 5 to 85 per cent R.H. This paper describes the cabinet and air-conditioning system and the main principles on which the apparatus is based.

From a number of Trichoptera predominantly from Thailand, collected by W.L. and J.G. Peters, Florida A & M University, and Fred W. Knapp, University of Kentucky, the following new species are selected for description: Dipseudopsis ulmeri, akhila, petersorum, thailandica, and knappi of the family Dipseudopsidae and Pahamunaya jihmita, Pseudoneureclipsis saccheda, and Polycentropus vanachakuni of the family Polycentropodidae. Unless designated otherwise types will be deposited in the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. Some paratypes are in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa.

Tetralopha formosella, n. sp.

Expands 18 mm. Head nearly pure white; thorax white with black scales intermixed; fore wings pure white, sometimes intermixed with black, and with black spot on costa to basal line; basal line black, with three long black teeth on outer side; middle field whitish, costa towards base black; along inner margin and reaching half way across wing, dull brick red, broken by median cross scale ridge, which is of intermingled black and white; outer line white, edged on both sides with blackish; outer field grayish, mixed with black, much darker along costa to apex; hind wings fuscous, much darker along outer edge; beneath fuscous on all wings, an outer lighter cross line showing on all wings.

The spiders considered here were collected by Dr. Francis Harper during the period from May 31 to December 4, 1947, in the vicinity of Nueltin Lake, Keewatin, Canada while on a trip made under the auspices of the Arctic Institute with support from the Office of Naval Research.

A general account of the area and field notes have been given by Harper (1948, pp. 153-184) and Henry W. Fowler has presented a taxonomic report on the fishes (1948, pp. 141-152).

Eleven species of spiders belonging to five families are represented by mature specimens; and juveniles, not determinable to species, add another family.

In the course of investigations of the cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.) (= brassicae Wiedemann, brassicae Bouché), a pest of canola (rapeseed) in northern Alberta, an epidemic of the parasitic fungus Strongwellsea castrans Batko and Weiser (see Humber 1976) was documented during July 1983. Infected flies (mostly females) can be recognized by the presence of one or more cavities in the abdominal membrane, into which the fungus discharges its spores (conidia). The flies continue to feed (as vital organs are not attacked), but their eggs fail to mature, apparently because of inadequate nutrition. The presence of this fungus as a pathogen of the cabbage maggot in Canada is well known (Nair and McEwen 1973).

Labopidea chloriza Uhler (1877) is synonymized with Tinicephalus simplex Uhler (1872). Labopidea brooksi n. sp. is described from Alberta and Saskatchewan. Orthotylus discolor Sahlberg, a European species now known to occur in North America, is transferred to Labopidea. Nine species currently placed in Labopidea are here removed from that genus. The new combinations are as follows: Labopidea atriseta Van Duzee is transferred to Hesperocapsus Knight, Orthotylus insignis Van Duzee is transferred to Ilnacorella Knight, Labopidea viridula Knight is transferred to Melanotrichus Reuter, and Labopidea utahensis Knight is synonymized with Diaphnidia heidemanni Knight (= Brachynotocoris heidemanni). Labopidicola n. gen. is described and Labopidea idahoensis Knight, L. planifrons Knight, L. ainsliei Knight, L. allii Knight, and L. geminata Johnston are transferred to it. Key to species of Labopidea is given.