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4035 results in Optics, Optoelectronics and Photonics

Page 30 of 202

Introduction to Optical Microscopy
  • 2nd edition
  • Jerome Mertz
  • Published online:
    18 July 2019
    Print publication:
    01 August 2019
  • This fully updated, self-contained textbook covering modern optical microscopy equips students with a solid understanding of the theory underlying a range of advanced techniques. Two new chapters cover pump-probe techniques, and imaging in scattering media, and additional material throughout covers light-sheet microscopy, image scanning microscopy, and much more. An array of practical techniques are discussed, from classical phase contrast and confocal microscopy, to holographic, structured illumination, multi-photon, and coherent Raman microscopy, and optical coherence tomography. Fundamental topics are also covered, including Fourier optics, partial coherence, 3D imaging theory, statistical optics, and the physics of scattering and fluorescence. With a wealth of end-of-chapter problems, and a solutions manual for instructors available online, this is an invaluable book for electrical engineering, biomedical engineering, and physics students taking graduate courses on optical microscopy, as well as advanced undergraduates, professionals, and researchers looking for an accessible introduction to the field.

Graphene Photonics
  • Jia-Ming Liu, I-Tan Lin
  • Published online:
    06 July 2019
    Print publication:
    13 December 2018
  • Understand the fundamental concepts, theoretical background, major experimental observations, and device applications of graphene photonics with this self-contained text. Systematically and rigorously developing each concept and theoretical model from the ground up, it guides readers through the major topics, from basic properties and band structure to electronic, optical, optoelectronic, and nonlinear optical properties, and plasmonics and photonic devices. The connections between theory, modeling, experiment, and device concepts are demonstrated throughout, and every optical process is analyzed through formal electromagnetic analysis. Suitable for both self-study and a one-semester or one-quarter course, this is the ideal text for graduate students and researchers in photonics, optoelectronics, nanoscience and nanotechnology, and optical and solid-state physics, who are working in this rapidly developing field.

  • 5 - Transmission Matrix Approach to Light Control in Complex Media

  • from Part III - Focusing Light through Turbid Media Using the Scattering Matrix
  • Edited by Joel Kubby, University of California, Santa Cruz, Sylvain Gigan, Meng Cui, Purdue University, Indiana
  • Book:
    Wavefront Shaping for Biomedical Imaging
    Published online:
    10 June 2019
    Print publication:
    20 June 2019, pp 121-137

  • Summary

    While transmission and scattering matrices have been a convenient way to describe wave propagation in complex media in mesoscopic physics, being able to describe important quantities such as total transmission, intensity statistics, etc. it has mainly been studied in this domain from a statistical point of view, i.e. to extract average quantities. Extracting the exact matrix of a given system was never even considered. In this chapter, we will describe how, leveraging on spatial light modulator technologies and the new possibilities offered by digital holography, it is possible to experimentally measure this quantity in the optical domain, not in a statistical sense, but for a particular realization of disorder, i.e. a given system, which will be for most of the experiments described in this chapter an ideal multiply scattering medium, essentially a layer of white paint, but could in principle be biological tissues. Once this information is known, the problem of recovering an image is not bound to be carried using ballistic photons. Indeed, even in the diffusive regime, the result of the propagation of a field can be deterministically predicted for scattered light. In particular, the optimal wavefront that will generate a focus on one or several output modes can be easily extracted from the matrix. We will discuss the various initial implementations of this concept, and its applications for focusing and imaging. Recent developments have shown different ways of either simplifying the procedure, or expanding its capabilities to new domains, for instance the spectral domain.

  • 8 - Feedback-Based Wavefront Shaping

  • from Part IV - Focusing Light through Turbid Media Using Feedback Optimization
  • Edited by Joel Kubby, University of California, Santa Cruz, Sylvain Gigan, Meng Cui, Purdue University, Indiana
  • Book:
    Wavefront Shaping for Biomedical Imaging
    Published online:
    10 June 2019
    Print publication:
    20 June 2019, pp 189-216

  • Summary

    In this chapter, I will first introduce the concept of feedback-based wavefront shaping and some of the fundamental properties of this technique. Then, I will review the different algorithms that can be used for finding the wavefront, and discuss different options for obtaining a feedback signal in the first place. After that, I touch on some of the wave correlations that play a role in wavefront shaping, and briefly link to related research fields. This chapter is concluded with an outlook of future applications.

  • 7 - Imaging and Controlling Light Propagation Deep within Scattering Media Using a Time-Resolved Reflection Matrix

  • from Part III - Focusing Light through Turbid Media Using the Scattering Matrix
  • Edited by Joel Kubby, University of California, Santa Cruz, Sylvain Gigan, Meng Cui, Purdue University, Indiana
  • Book:
    Wavefront Shaping for Biomedical Imaging
    Published online:
    10 June 2019
    Print publication:
    20 June 2019, pp 161-186

  • Summary

    In this chapter, we introduce two noteworthy methods for exploring the use of the so-called time-resolved reflection matrix (TRRM) of the scattering medium. TRRM is made of the amplitude and phase maps of reflected waves taken at specific arrival time and for various angles or positions of illumination. It provides us with unprecedented amount of information covering both spatial input-output correlation and temporal response. With the vast amount of information at hand, studies have been conducted to relieve the limitations of imaging depth and energy delivery that the multiple light scattering imposes. In section 2, we describe a time-domain approach for measuring TRRM and its application for dramatically improving imaging depth that maintains diffraction-limited spatial resolution. Spectral-domain approach of measuring TRRM is introduced in section 3 along with its application for enhancing energy delivery to the target depth by the implementation of time-dependent eigenchannels.

  • 14 - Light Sheet Microscopy with Wavefront-Shaped Beams: Looking Deeper into Objects and Increasing Image Contrast

  • from Part VI - Shaped Beams for Light Sheet Microscopy
  • Edited by Joel Kubby, University of California, Santa Cruz, Sylvain Gigan, Meng Cui, Purdue University, Indiana
  • Book:
    Wavefront Shaping for Biomedical Imaging
    Published online:
    10 June 2019
    Print publication:
    20 June 2019, pp 331-357

  • Summary

    Light propagation through inhomogeneous, disordered materials is still an enigmatic problem with unpredictable output, since complex multi-particle light scattering results in uncountable phase delays from scattered or absorbed photons. In coherent optics, strong intensity modulations arise from the interference of ballistic and diffusive photons and thus generate deterministic chaotic intensity distributions after some dozens of microns of propagation through scattering materials such as biological tissue. This circumstance is detrimental to the quality of an image p(x,y,z) in light-sheet based microscopy (LSBM), where a thin plane within the sample is illuminated by a sheet of light. In the ideal, but unrealistic case the light-sheet consists of purely ballistic photons, which do not interact with the various scatterers inside the sample to be imaged. However, only recently it has been shown that the relative number of ballistic photons could be increased by holographically shaping the phase of the incident laser beam. This effect leads not only to enhanced penetration depths, but consequently also reduces diffusive photons or beam deflections by scattering objects.

  • 15 - Shaped Beams for Light Sheet Imaging and Optical Manipulation

  • from Part VI - Shaped Beams for Light Sheet Microscopy
  • Edited by Joel Kubby, University of California, Santa Cruz, Sylvain Gigan, Meng Cui, Purdue University, Indiana
  • Book:
    Wavefront Shaping for Biomedical Imaging
    Published online:
    10 June 2019
    Print publication:
    20 June 2019, pp 358-378

  • Summary

    This chapter covers three main advanced themes in light sheet imaging. Firstly, we discuss the widely recognized issues of sample induced optical aberrations. In itself this is broad and topical area given the importance of probing deeper into biological systems. This requirement arises as we wish to gain functional imaging which often can only be gleamed at depths currently difficult to attain (e.g. > 1 mm). The scattering and absorptive properties of tissue compromise contrast in thick tissue. This issues is exacerbated in fluorescence light sheet microscopy for which the fluorescence excitation and detection paths do not coincide. In this chapter we discuss different approaches to adaptive aberration measurement and correction of both the illumination and the detection paths for deep tissue light sheet microscopy.

  • 1 - Adaptive Optical Microscopy Using Image-Based Wavefront Sensing

  • from Part I - Adaptive Optical Microscopy for Biological Imaging
  • Edited by Joel Kubby, University of California, Santa Cruz, Sylvain Gigan, Meng Cui, Purdue University, Indiana
  • Book:
    Wavefront Shaping for Biomedical Imaging
    Published online:
    10 June 2019
    Print publication:
    20 June 2019, pp 3-21

  • Summary

    The general approach to wavefront sensorless adaptive optics (or “sensorless AO” for short) relies upon the optimisation of a measurement that is known to be related to the aberration content. For example, in an adaptive laser focussing system, one might maximise the intensity at the centre of the focussed beam. In image-based AO systems, which are a sub-category of sensorless AO systems, an appropriately chosen image property is optimised. In certain microscopes (e.g. confocal or multi-photon microscopes) the total image intensity (sum of all pixel values) is an appropriate optimisation metric, as it exhibits a maximum value when no aberration is present. If the aberration in the system is non-zero due to refractive index variations in the specimen, then the value of the metric will be lower than its optimal value. The goal of the sensorless AO routine would be to use the adaptive element to maximise the metric by minimising the total aberration in the system.

  • 16 - Incoherent Illumination Tomography and Adaptive Optics

  • from Part VII - Tomography
  • Edited by Joel Kubby, University of California, Santa Cruz, Sylvain Gigan, Meng Cui, Purdue University, Indiana
  • Book:
    Wavefront Shaping for Biomedical Imaging
    Published online:
    10 June 2019
    Print publication:
    20 June 2019, pp 381-403

  • Summary

    Optical tomography techniques have been widely used for imaging. Among those techniques, since its development optical coherence tomography (OCT) has played an important role in imaging biological samples, especially in eye examinations. The combination of OCT with adaptive optics (AO) for aberration correction to improve the OCT performance is one of the most impactful technique advances for non-invasive and high resolution imaging. In this chapter, we are going to discuss about an en face approach of OCT, Full-Field OCT or FFOCT, and about a compact AO-FFOCT system that was coupled with a transmissive liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LCSLM) to induce or correct aberrations. We will show that, with spatially incoherent illumination, the FFOCT system point spread function (PSF) is almost independent of aberrations that mostly induce a reduction of the signal level (signal to noise ratio) without broadening the PSF width. By comparing scanning OCT with spatially coherent illumination, wide-field OCT with spatially coherent illumination and FFOCT with spatially incoherent illumination, theoretical analysis, numerical calculation as well as experimental results are demonstrated to show this specific merit of incoherent illumination in FFOCT. We will also demonstrate a compact AO-FFOCT system in which the strict pupil conjugation is abandoned for low order aberrations correction. A wavefront sensorless method is used for distortion compensation by using the FFOCT signal as the metric based on the resolution conservation property of FFOCT. AO experiment results done with USAF resolution target and biological samples will be reviewed. And the potential of this AO-FFOCT system for retinal imaging will be discussed.

  • 4 - Zonal Adaptive Optical Microscopy for Deep Tissue Imaging

  • from Part II - Deep Tissue Microscopy
  • Edited by Joel Kubby, University of California, Santa Cruz, Sylvain Gigan, Meng Cui, Purdue University, Indiana
  • Book:
    Wavefront Shaping for Biomedical Imaging
    Published online:
    10 June 2019
    Print publication:
    20 June 2019, pp 91-118

  • Summary

    To use the visible fluorescent signal for wavefront sensing in scattering tissue at depth, we need to employ indirect wavefront sensing methods. In this section, we describe a pupil-segmentation AO method based on physical principles similar to those utilized by SH sensors. A zonal approach by nature, it differs from the wavefront measurement scheme in a SH sensor in that, rather than measuring the wavefront segments in parallel and thus being susceptible to tissue scattering as in a SH sensor, it measures the wavefront segments serially, making it applicable to strongly scattering samples such as the mouse brain.

Page 30 of 202