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Lens design is an exciting and important field of optics. This field provides designs for a great diversity of lens and mirror systems needed in many other fields, such as consumer optics, microscope optics, telescope optics, lenses for optical lithography, and photographic optics. Lens and mirror systems are ubiquitous. The work of a lens designer is to provide the constructional data and fabrication tolerances of all the optical elements that a given lens system requires to perform the intended function. Currently many students and engineers are interested in lens design because the field by itself is of great interest, or because they have the need to analyze and design lens systems required in their engineering practice. An optical engineer should have at least some familiarity with how a lens system is designed so that he or she can effectively contribute to develop optical systems.
Three well-known and important classical lens forms are the Petzval objective, the Cooke triplet lens, and the double Gauss lens. An understanding about how these lens forms work, and how they are designed, provides a solid background to push forward the skill of lens design. Many other lens forms are derived from such classical lens forms by lens splitting and adding lens complexity.
The achromatic doublet is a fundamental building block in lens design because it is corrected for chromatic aberrations, and can also be corrected for spherical aberration and coma aberration. The early lens designers explored all combinations of two achromatic doublets. This chapter discusses some of the solutions found by those designers. In doing so, insight is gained into how simple lens combinations are designed. Emphasis is given to how the primary aberrations are controlled in doublet combinations, as this knowledge is important to become skilled in lens design. Providing degrees of freedom to correct the primary aberrations is a first step toward the optimization of a lens. In practice, the primary aberrations may not be fully corrected so that higher order aberrations might be balanced against the primary aberration residuals. Once a primary aberration solution was reached in the examples given in this chapter, then they were optimized with real rays in a lens design program by minimizing RMS spot size across the field of view. Thus, a lens design method is to find a primary aberration solution and then optimize it with real ray tracing.
Optical lenses have many important applications, from telescopes and spectacles, to microscopes and lasers. This concise, introductory book provides an overview of the subtle art of lens design. It covers the fundamental, optical theory, and the practical methods and tools employed in lens design, in a succinct and accessible manner. Topics covered include first-order optics, optical aberrations, achromatic doublets, optical relays, lens tolerances, designing with off-the-shelf lenses, miniature lenses, and zoom lenses. Covering all the key concepts of lens design, and providing suggestions for further reading at the end of each chapter, this book is an essential resource for graduate students working in optics and photonics, in addition to engineers and technicians working in the optics and imaging industries.
Introduction to Optics is now available in a re-issued edition from Cambridge University Press. Designed to offer a comprehensive and engaging introduction to intermediate and upper level undergraduate physics and engineering students, this text also allows instructors to select specialized content to suit individual curricular needs and goals. Specific features of the text, in terms of coverage beyond traditional areas, include extensive use of matrices in dealing with ray tracing, polarization, and multiple thin-film interference; three chapters devoted to lasers; a separate chapter on the optics of the eye; and individual chapters on holography, coherence, fiber optics, interferometry, Fourier optics, nonlinear optics, and Fresnel equations.