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This text on general relativity and its modern applications is suitable for an intensive one-semester course on general relativity, at the level of a Ph.D. student in physics. Assuming knowledge of classical mechanics and electromagnetism at an advanced undergraduate level, basic concepts are introduced quickly, with greater emphasis on their applications. Standard topics are covered, such as the Schwarzschild solution, classical tests of general relativity, gravitational waves, ADM parametrization, relativistic stars and cosmology, as well as more advanced standard topics like vielbein-spin connection formulation, trapped surfaces, the Raychaudhuri equation, energy conditions, the Petrov and Bianchi classifications and gravitational instantons. More modern topics, including black hole thermodynamics, gravitational entropy, effective field theory for gravity, the PPN expansion, the double copy and fluid-gravity correspondence, are also introduced using the language understood by physicists, without too abstract mathematics, proven theorems, or the language of pure mathematics.
Asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars play a significant role in our understanding of the origin of the elements. They contribute to the abundances of C, N, and approximately 50% of the abundances of the elements heavier than iron. An aspect often neglected in studies of AGB stars is the impact of a stellar companion on AGB stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis. In this study, we update the stellar abundances of AGB stars in the binary population synthesis code binary_c and calibrate our treatment of the third dredge-up using observations of Galactic carbon stars. We model stellar populations of low- to intermediate-mass stars at solar-metallicity and examine the stellar wind contributions to C, N, O, Sr, Ba, and Pb yields at binary fractions between 0 and 1. For a stellar population with a binary fraction of 0.7, we find $\sim$20–25% less C and s-process elements ejected than from a population composed of only single stars, and we find little change in the N and O yields. We also compare our models with observed abundances from Ba stars and find our models can reproduce most Ba star abundances, but our population estimates a higher frequency of Ba stars with a surface [Ce/Y] > $+0.2\,$dex. Our models also predict the rare existence of Ba stars with masses $ \gt 10\,\textrm{M}_{\odot}$.
The initial mass function (IMF) is a construct that describes the distribution of stellar masses for a newly formed population of stars. It is a fundamental element underlying all of star and galaxy formation, and has been the subject of extensive investigation for more than 60 years. In the past few decades there has been a growing, and now substantial, body of evidence supporting the need for a variable IMF. In this light, it is crucial to investigate the IMF’s characteristics across different spatial scales and to understand the factors driving its variability. We make use of spatially resolved spectroscopy to examine the high-mass IMF slope of star-forming galaxies within the SAMI survey. By applying the Kennicutt method and stellar population synthesis models, we estimated both the spaxel-resolved (αres) and galaxy-integrated (αint) high-mass IMF slopes of these galaxies. Our findings indicate that the resolved and integrated IMF slopes exhibit a near 1:1 relationship for αint ≳ –2.7. We observe a wide range of αres distributions within galaxies. To explore the sources of this variability, we analyse the relationships between the resolved and integrated IMF slopes and both the star formation rate (SFR) and SFR surface density (ΣSFR). Our results reveal a strong correlation where flatter/steeper slopes are associated with higher/lower SFR and ΣSFR. This trend is qualitatively similar for resolved and global scales. Additionally, we identify a mass dependency in the relationship with SFR, though none was found in the relation between the resolved slope and ΣSFR. These findings suggest an scenario where the formation of high-mass stars is favoured in regions with more concentrated star formation. This may be a consequence of the reduced fragmentation of molecular clouds, which nonetheless accrete more material.
We have conducted a widefield, wideband, snapshot survey using the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) referred to as the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS). RACS covers ≈ 90% of the sky, with multiple observing epochs in three frequency bands sampling the ASKAP frequency range of 700–1 800 MHz. This paper describes the third major epoch at 1 655.5 MHz, RACS-high, and the subsequent imaging and catalogue data release. The RACS-high observations at 1 655.5MHz are otherwise similar to the previously released RACS-mid (at 1367.5 MHz), and were calibrated and imaged with minimal changes. From the 1 493 images covering the sky up to declination ≈ +48°, we present a catalogue of 2 677 509 radio sources. The catalogue is constructed from images with a median root-mean-square noise of ≈ 195 μJy PSF−1 (point-spread function) and a median angular resolution of 11″. 8 × 8″. 1. The overall reliability of the catalogue is estimated to be 99.18 %, and we find a decrease in reliability as angular resolution improves. We estimate the brightness scale to be accurate to 10 %, and the astrometric accuracy to be within ≈ 0″. 6 in right ascension and ≈ 0″. 7 in declination after correction of a systematic declination-dependent offset. All data products from RACS-high, including calibrated visibility datasets, images from individual observations, full-sensitivity mosaics, and the all-sky catalogue are available at the CSIRO ASKAP Science Data Archive.
We have carried out a detailed investigation of eclipsing binary star NT Aps using high cadence photometric observations from the TESS satellite and time-series spectra from EFOSC2 at ESO’s New Technology Telescope.a We have, for the first time, determined precise system parameters for this W UMa-type late-type contact binary. Our analysis indicates that the system is composed of two solar-like stars with mass ratio of $q=0.31$ and orbital period of 0.29475540 $\pm$ 0.00000035 days. These values are typical for common envelope contact binaries. However, the system does not exhibit strong magnetic activity in the form of frequent flaring and large starspots, even if large flare rates have been earlier predicted for this system. This lack of strong magnetic activity further strengthens the earlier indications that the contact binaries are less magnetically active than those of detached chromospherically active binaries with similar parameters.
We present the first results from a new backend on the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder, the Commensal Realtime ASKAP Fast Transient COherent (CRACO) upgrade. CRACO records millisecond time resolution visibility data, and searches for dispersed fast transient signals including fast radio bursts (FRB), pulsars, and ultra-long period objects (ULPO). With the visibility data, CRACO can localise the transient events to arcsecond-level precision after the detection. Here, we describe the CRACO system and report the result from a sky survey carried out by CRACO at 110-ms resolution during its commissioning phase. During the survey, CRACO detected two FRBs (including one discovered solely with CRACO, FRB 20231027A), reported more precise localisations for four pulsars, discovered two new RRATs, and detected one known ULPO, GPM J1839 $-$10, through its sub-pulse structure. We present a sensitivity calibration of CRACO, finding that it achieves the expected sensitivity of 11.6 Jy ms to bursts of 110 ms duration or less. CRACO is currently running at a 13.8 ms time resolution and aims at a 1.7 ms time resolution before the end of 2024. The planned CRACO has an expected sensitivity of 1.5 Jy ms to bursts of 1.7 ms duration or less and can detect $10\times$ more FRBs than the current CRAFT incoherent sum system (i.e. 0.5 $-$2 localised FRBs per day), enabling us to better constrain the models for FRBs and use them as cosmological probes.
Spiral galaxies are ubiquitous in the local Universe. However the properties of spiral arms in them are still not well studied, and there is even less information concerning spiral structure in distant galaxies. We aim to measure the most general parameters of spiral arms in remote galaxies and trace their changes with redshift. We perform photometric decomposition, including spiral arms, for 159 galaxies from the HST COSMOS and JWST CEERS and JADES surveys, which are imaged in optical and near-infrared rest-frame wavelengths. We confirm that, in our representative sample of spiral galaxies, the pitch angles increase, and the azimuthal lengths decrease with increasing redshift, implying that the spiral structure becomes more tightly wound over time. For the spiral-to-total luminosity ratio and the spiral width-to-disc scale length ratio, we find that band-shifting effects can be as significant as, or even stronger than, evolutionary effects. Additionally, we find that spiral structure becomes more asymmetric at higher redshifts.
We introduce adaptive particle refinement for compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). SPH calculations have the natural advantage that resolution follows mass, but this is not always optimal. Our implementation allows the user to specify local regions of the simulation that can be more highly resolved. We test our implementation on practical applications including a circumbinary disc, a planet embedded in a disc, and a flyby. By comparing with equivalent globally high-resolution calculations, we show that our method is accurate and fast, with errors in the mass accreted onto sinks of less than 9% and speed ups of 1.07–6.62$\times$ for the examples shown. Our method is adaptable and easily extendable, for example, with multiple refinement regions or derefinement.
Galaxy morphology in stellar light can be described by a series of “non-parametric” or “morphometric” parameters, such as concentrationasymmetry-smoothness, Gini, M20, and Sersic fit. These parameters can be applied to column density maps of atomic hydrogen (Hi). The Hi distribution is susceptible to perturbations by environmental effects, e.g. inter-galactic medium pressure and tidal interactions. Therefore, Hi morphology can potentially identify galaxies undergoing ram-pressure stripping or tidal interactions. We explore three fields in theWALLABY Pilot Hi survey and identify perturbed galaxies based on a k-nearest Neighbor (kNN) algorithm using an Hi morphometric feature space. For training, we used labeled galaxies in the combined NGC 4808 and NGC 4636 fields with six Hi morphometrics to train and test a kNN classifier. The kNN classification is proficient in classifying perturbed galaxies with all metrics –accuracy, precision and recall– at 70-80%. By using the kNN method to identify perturbed galaxies in the deployment field, the NGC 5044 mosaic, we find that in most regards, the scaling relations of perturbed and unperturbed galaxies have similar distribution in the scaling relations of stellar mass vs star formation rate and the Baryonic Tully-Fisher relation, but the Hi and stellar mass relation flatter than of the unperturbed galaxies. Our results for NGC 5044 provide a prediction for future studies on the fraction of galaxies undergoing interaction in this catalogue and to build a training sample to classify such galaxies in the fullWALLABY survey.
We present the results of searching for new dwarf galaxies in the Local Volume. We found 40 satellite candidates in the double-virial-radius regions of 20 Milky Way-like and LMC-like galaxies in the southern sky using DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys, 10 of which were known but not clearly associated with the Local Volume previously. Among the 40 satellite candidates, 8 are supposed members of the NGC6744 group and 13 are located in the vicinity of the Sombrero galaxy. Based on seven companions to the giant spiral galaxy NGC6744 with measured radial velocities, we estimate that the total mass of the group is MT =(1.88 ± 0.71)×1012M⊙ and the total mass-to-K-luminosity ratio MT /LK =(16.1 ± 6.0)M⊙/L⊙. We reproduce a distribution of 68 early- and late-type galaxies in the Local Volume situated around the Sombrero, noting their strong morphological segregation and also the presence of a foreground diffuse association of dwarf galaxies at 8 degrees to SE from the Sombrero.
With wide-field phased array feed technology, the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) is ideally suited to search for seemingly rare radio transient sources that are difficult to discover previous-generation narrow-field telescopes. The Commensal Real-time ASKAP Fast Transient (CRAFT) Survey Science Project has developed instrumentation to continuously search for fast radio transients (duration ≲ 1 second) with ASKAP, with a particular focus on finding and localising Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs). Since 2018, the CRAFT survey has been searching for FRBs and other fast transients by incoherently adding the intensities received by individual ASKAP antennas, and then correcting for the impact of frequency dispersion on these short-duration signals in the resultant incoherent sum (ICS) in real-time. This low-latency detection enables the triggering of voltage buffers, which facilitates the localisation of the transient source and the study of spectro-polarimetric properties at high time resolution. Here we report the sample of 43 FRBs discovered in this CRAFT/ICS survey to date. This includes 22 FRBs that had not previously been reported: 16 FRBs localised by ASKAP to. ≲ 1 arcsec and 6 FRBs localised to ∼ 10 arcmin. Of the new arcsecond-localised FRBs, we have identified and characterised host galaxies (and measured redshifts) for 11. The median of all 30 measured host redshifts from the survey to date is z = 0.23. We summarise results from the searches, in particular those contributing to our understanding of the burst progenitors and emission mechanisms, and on the use of bursts as probes of intervening media. We conclude by foreshadowing future FRB surveys with ASKAP using a coherent detection system that is currently being commissioned. This will increase the burst detection rate by a factor of approximately ten and also the distance to which ASKAP can localise FRBs.
The single pulses of PSR J1921+1419 were examined in detail using high-sensitivity observations from the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST) at a central frequency of 1250 MHz. The high-sensitivity observations indicate that the pulsar exhibits two distinct emission modes, which are classified as strong and weak modes based on the intensity of the single pulses. In our observations, the times spent in both modes are nearly equal, and each is about half of the total observation time. The minimum duration of both modes is $1\,P$ and the maximum duration is $13\,P$, where P is the pulsar spin period. Additionally, the mean intensity of the weak mode is less than half of that of the strong mode. Notably, the switching between these modes demonstrates a clear quasi-periodicity with a modulation period of approximately $10 \pm 2\,P$. An analysis of the polarisation properties of both modes indicates that they originate from the same region within the magnetosphere of the pulsar. Finally, the viewing geometry was analysed based on the kinematical effects.
Next generations of radio surveys are expected to identify tens of millions of new sources and identifying and classifying their morphologies will require novel and more efficient methods. Self-organising maps (SOMs), a type of unsupervised machine learning, can be used to address this problem. We map 251 259 multi-Gaussian sources from Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey (RACS) onto a SOM with discrete neurons. Similarity metrics, such as Euclidean distances, can be used to identify the best-matching neuron or unit (BMU) for each input image. We establish a reliability threshold by visually inspecting a subset of input images and their corresponding BMU. We label the individual neurons based on observed morphologies, and these labels are included in our value-added catalogue of RACS sources. Sources for which the Euclidean distance to their BMU is $\lesssim$5 (accounting for approximately 79$\%$ of sources) have an estimated $ \gt $90% reliability for their SOM-derived morphological labels. This reliability falls to less than 70$\%$ at Euclidean distances $\gtrsim$7. Beyond this threshold it is unlikely that the morphological label will accurately describe a given source. Our catalogue of complex radio sources from RACS with their SOM-derived morphological labels from this work will be made publicly available.
Weak-line T Tauri stars (WTTS) exhibit X-ray flares, likely resulting from magnetic reconnection that heats the stellar plasma to very high temperatures. These flares are difficult to identify through targeted observations. Here, we report the serendipitous detection of the brightest X-ray flaring state of the WTTS KM Ori in the eROSITA DR1 survey. Observations from SRG/eROSITA, Chandra X-ray Observatory, and XMM-Newton are analysed to assess the X-ray properties of KM Ori, thereby establishing its flaring state at the eROSITA epoch. The long-term (1999–2020) X-ray light curve generated for the Chandra observations confirmed that eROSITA captured the source at its highest X-ray flaring state recorded to date. Multi-instrument observations support the X-ray flaring state of the source, with time-averaged X-ray luminosity ($L_\mathrm{0.2-5\ keV}$) reaching $\sim 1.9\times10^{32}\mathrm{{erg\ s^{-1}}}$ at the eROSITA epoch, marking it the brightest and possibly the longest flare observed so far. Such intense X-ray flares have been detected only in a few WTTS. The X-ray spectral analysis unveils the presence of multiple thermal plasma components at all epochs. The notably high luminosity ($L_\mathrm{0.5-8\ keV}\sim10^{32}\ \mathrm{erg\ s}^{-1}$), energy ($E_\mathrm{ 0.5-8\ keV}\sim10^{37}$ erg), and the elevated emission measures of the thermal components in the eROSITA epoch indicate a superflare/megaflare state of KM Ori. Additionally, the H$\alpha$ line equivalent width of $\sim$$-5$ Å from our optical spectral analysis, combined with the lack of infrared excess in the spectral energy distribution, were used to re-confirm the WTTS (thin disc/disc-less) classification of the source. The long-duration flare of KM Ori observed by eROSITA indicates the possibility of a slow-rise top-flat flare. The detection demonstrates the potential of eROSITA to uncover such rare, transient events, thereby providing new insights into the X-ray activity of WTTS.
Observations of the intracluster medium (ICM) in the outskirts of galaxy clusters reveal shocks associated with gas accretion from the cosmic web. Previous work based on non-radiative cosmological hydrodynamical simulations have defined the shock radius, $r_{\text{shock}}$, using the ICM entropy, $K \propto T/{n_\mathrm{e}}^{2/3}$, where T and $n_{\text{e}}$ are the ICM temperature and electron density, respectively; the $r_{\text{shock}}$ is identified with either the radius at which K is a maximum or at which its logarithmic slope is a minimum. We investigate the relationship between $r_{\text{shock}}$, which is driven by gravitational hydrodynamics and shocks, and the splashback radius, $r_{\text{splash}}$, which is driven by the gravitational dynamics of cluster stars and dark matter and is measured from their mass profile. Using 324 clusters from The Three Hundred project of cosmological galaxy formation simulations, we quantify statistically how $r_{\text{shock}}$ relates to $r_{\text{splash}}$. Depending on our definition, we find that the median $r_{\text{shock}} \simeq 1.38 r_{\text{splash}} (2.58 R_{200})$ when K reaches its maximum and $r_{\text{shock}} \simeq 1.91 r_{\text{splash}} (3.54 R_{200})$ when its logarithmic slope is a minimum; the best-fit linear relation increases as $r_{\text{shock}} \propto 0.65 r_{\text{splash}}$. We find that $r_{\text{shock}}/R_{200}$ and $r_{\text{splash}}/R_{200}$ anti-correlate with virial mass, $M_{200}$, and recent mass accretion history, and $r_{\text{shock}}/r_{\text{splash}}$ tends to be larger for clusters with higher recent accretion rates. We discuss prospects for measuring $r_{\text{shock}}$ observationally and how the relationship between $r_{\text{shock}}$ and $r_{\text{splash}}$ can be used to improve constraints from radio, X-ray, and thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich surveys that target the interface between the cosmic web and clusters.
There is growing evidence that the broadband radio spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) contain a wealth of complex physics. In this paper we aim to determine the physical emission and loss processes causing radio SED curvature and steepening to see what observed global astrophysical properties, if any, are correlated with radio SED complexity. To do this, we have acquired radio continuum data between 70 MHz and 17 GHz for a sample of 19 southern local ($z \lt 0.04$) SFGs. Of this sample 11 are selected to contain low-frequency ($ \lt $300 MHz) turnovers (LFTOs) in their SEDs and eight are control galaxies with similar global properties. We model the radio SEDs for our sample using a Bayesian framework whereby radio emission (synchrotron and free-free) and absorption or loss processes are included modularly. We find that without the inclusion of higher frequency data ($ \gt $17 GHz) single synchrotron power-law based models are always preferred for our sample; however, additional processes including free-free absorption (FFA) and synchrotron losses are often required to accurately model radio SED complexity in SFGs. The fitted synchrotron spectral indices range from $-0.45$ to $-1.07$ and are strongly anticorrelated with stellar mass suggesting that synchrotron losses are the dominant mechanism acting to steepen the spectral index in larger/more massive nearby SFGs. We find that LFTOs in the radio SED are independent from the inclination of SFGs; however, higher inclination galaxies tend to have steeper fitted spectral indices indicating losses to diffusion of cosmic ray electrons into the galactic halo. Four of five of the merging systems in our SFG sample have elevated specific star formation rates and flatter fitted spectral indices with unconstrained LFTOs. Lastly, we find no significant separation in global properties between SFGs with or without modelled LFTOs. Overall these results suggest that LFTOs are likely caused by a combination of FFA and ionisation losses in individual recent starburst regions with specific orientations and interstellar medium properties that, when averaged over the entire galaxy, do not correlate with global astrophysical properties.
Observations of Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs) are crucial to understanding supernova explosion mechanisms and their impact on our Galaxy’s evolution. SNRs are usually identified by searching for extended, circular structures in all-sky surveys. However, the resolution and sensitivity of any given survey results in selection biases related to the brightness and angular scale of a subset of the total SNR population. As a result, we have only identified 1/3 of the expected number of SNRs in our Galaxy. We used data collected by the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) to perform a visual search for SNR candidates over 285° < l < 70° and |b| < 16°. We then used the Widefield Infrared Survey Explorer to eliminate likely HII regions from our SNR candidate sample. By exploiting the resolution and sensitivity of MWA data, we have successfully detected 10 new candidates using our proposed method. In addition, our method has also enabled us to detect and verify 10 previously known but unconfirmed candidates. The 20 SNR candidates described in the paper will increase the known SNR population in the Galaxy by 7%.
The multi-colour complete light curves and low-resolution spectra of two short period eclipsing Am binaries V404 Aur and GW Gem are presented. The stellar atmospheric parameters of the primary stars were derived through the spectra fitting. The observed and TESS-based light curves of them were analysed by using the Wilson-Devinney code. The photometric solutions suggest that both V404 Aur and GW Gem are semi-detached systems with the secondary component filling its critical Roche Lobe, while the former should be a marginal contact binary. The $O-C$ analysis found that the period of V404 Aur is decreasing at a rate of $dP/dt=-1.06(\pm0.01)\times 10^{-7}\,\mathrm{d}\,\mathrm{ yr}^{-1}$, while the period of GW Gem is increasing at $dP/dt=+2.41(\pm0.01)\times 10^{-8} \mathrm{d}\,\mathrm{yr}^{-1}$. The period decrease of V404 Aur may mainly be caused by the combined effects of the angular momentum loss (AML) via an enhanced stellar wind of the more evolved secondary star and mass transfer between two components. The period increase of GW Gem supports the mass transfer from the secondary to the primary. Both targets may be in the broken contact stage predicted by the thermal relaxation oscillations theory and will eventually evolve to the contact stage. We have collected about 54 well-known eclipsing Am binaries with absolute parameters from the literature. The relations of these parameters are summarised. There are some components that have a higher degree of evolution. The majority of their hydrogen shell may have been stripped away and the stellar internal layer exposed. The accretion processes from such evolved components may be very important for the formation of Am peculiarity in binaries.
We demonstrate a low-cost radio telescope using a 2.4-m satellite dish, an inexpensive printer circuit board (PCB)-based dual-pole antenna and commodity-off-the-shelf components. Open-source, radio acquisition and professional pulsar processing tools are used to successfully monitor on a daily basis the Southern Hemisphere pulsar J0835−4510 (the Vela pulsar) at 820 MHz as it transits the meridian. The system successfully detected a ‘glitch’ in the Vela pulsar in real-time at Woodchester Observatory in South Australia. Woodchester represents a good balance of bandwidth, observation time, and cost to achieve scientifically interesting results on pulsar timing for amateur radio astronomy and/or STEM outreach projects.
Two major areas of modern radio astronomy, namely, explosive astrophysical transient phenomena and observations of cosmological structures, are driving the design of aperture arrays towards large numbers of low-cost elements consisting of multiple spatial scales spanning the dimensions of individual elements, the size of stations (groupings of individual elements), and the spacing between stations. Such multi-scale, hierarchical aperture arrays require a combination of data processing architectures – pre-correlation beamformer, generic version of fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based direct imager, post-correlation beamformer, and post-correlation FFT imager – operating on different ranges of spatial scales to obtain optimal performance in imaging the entire field of view. Adopting a computational cost metric based on the number of floating point operations, its distribution over the dimensions of discovery space, namely, field of view, angular resolution, polarisation, frequency, and time is examined to determine the most efficient hybrid architectures over the parameter space of hierarchical aperture array layouts. Nominal parameters of specific upcoming and planned arrays – the SKA at low frequencies (SKA-low), SKA-low-core, a proposed long baseline extension to SKA-low (LAMBDA-I), Compact All-Sky Phased Array (CASPA), and a lunar array (FarView-core) – are used to determine the most optimal architecture hierarchy for each from a computational standpoint and provide a guide for designing hybrid architectures for multi-scale aperture arrays. For large, dense-packed layouts, a FFT-based direct imager is most efficient for most cadence intervals, and for other layouts that have relatively lesser number of elements or greater sparsity in distribution, the best architecture is more sensitive to the cadence interval, which in turn is determined by the science goals.