In addition, packaged logic gates are low density, typically containing only a few gates.1 That means any reasonably complex digital systems might need tens or hundreds of DIP packages. Because signals have to travel between packages, systems built with discrete logic are limited in speed as well.

This appendix recalls basic notions on modules, abelian resolutions, and homology.

There have been competing and conflicting ideas about diseases in different phases of human civilization, and none of them is said to be exclusively deterministic and universally acceptable. Disease has been defined in a way society wanted it to be defined, and consequently, the concept and ideas of illness are found to be changing with the changes of time and culture. More importantly, an interpretative rather than positivist approach to determining the definition of disease or illness has also been given by historians, sociologists, and anthropologists. This book is not intended to revisit this area and re-examine it. Broadly speaking, disease may be, in the light of modern medical research, due to several groups of causes, and specific aetiology for a specific disease has been established after the discovery of germ theory. It may be due to congenital defects or faulty working of the organs or may be the result of improper nutrition. There are certain diseases caused by some microbes (viruses, bacteria, or parasites), which are communicable from one person to another. This is the most important category of diseases from the point of view of public health services because these diseases can be prevented, and many can be successfully treated. Many such diseases, which caused havoc in colonial India, still pose a serious threat to the state and the people.

The most panic-inducing disease in British India was fever, which, in one form or another, had taken millions of lives. Besides mortality, fever also caused thousands of cases of illness, leaving the affected people weak, listless, and wrecked. British India experienced various types of fever, such as Burdwan fever, Dumdum fever, malarial fever, and so on—black fever, known as kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis), being one of the most dangerous among them. Kala-azar was widely prevalent in colonial eastern India but was not only an Indian disease. It was rather a widespread disease and occurred in many parts of the world during the period under study, exhibiting its presence in China, Arabia, Sudan, Central Africa, Tunis, Sicily, Italy, Algeria, Crete, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Malta, Turkestan, Central and South America, South Africa, and so on.

This chapter concludes by summarizing the evidence presented in the book and considering the way forward by re-visiting the arguments in favour of investing in long-term care and the costs of inaction.

AoE works a similar problem in detail: §2.2.5A. The example below differs in describing a follower for AC signals. That makes a difference, as you will see, but the problems are otherwise very similar.

In the last chapter’s Worked Examples, we looked at several digital comparators constructed out of gates. We certainly could translate those to structural models in Verilog, but that misses the point. The advantage of an HDL is it frees us from truth tables, Boolean equations, and the need to implement the result with logic gates. Instead, we can describe the desired result behaviorally.

The narratives of judges and lawyers in interviews give a behind-the-scenes glimpse into the beliefs and dilemmas underlying judicial settlement-promoting decisions in court. In this chapter we describe findings from our interviews with judges and lawyers. What is their view of the judicial role in the pursuit of settlement? What is their view of ADR? What is their perspective on the interplay between justice and efficiency? Which theories of legal justice do they develop? Findings are described on the background of the comparison between legal cultures.

With global population ageing and shifting morbidity and disability patterns, the demand for long-term care is increasing. The chapter highlights the impact of demographic changes, particularly the rise in the older population and the growing need for dementia care, on long-term care demand. It advocates for a paradigm shift from institutionalized nursing homes to home-based care and stresses the need for policy support to enhance informal caregiving and develop a robust long-term care workforce. Additionally, it underscores the significance of recognizing long-term care as a social and human right and establishing a regulatory framework to ensure high-quality care.

This chapter recasts the notion of string rewriting system into the language of polygraphs. This notion, which consists of a set of pairs of words called relations or rewriting rules over a fixed alphabet, is introduced along with a more general variant adapted to categories. It is shown that the rewriting paths form the morphisms of a sesquicategory, in which the traditional concepts for abstract rewriting systems can be instantiated. The word problem is then introduced, and it is shown that it can be efficiently solved for convergent, i.e., confluent and terminating rewriting systems. In practice, confluence can be checked by inspecting the critical branchings of the rewriting system, and termination by introducing a suitable reduction order. The convergence of a rewriting system is also useful to show that it forms a presentation of a given category. Finally, residuation techniques are introduced, which allow proving useful properties of categories (such as the existence of pushouts) by performing computations on their presentations.

This chapter begins by exploring the interpretations of the story of Noah in Rabbinic Judaism from the third century CE onwards to the end of the first millennium. It demonstrates how the rabbinic interpretations of the story of Noah took precedence over the Biblical account, as the rabbis engaged with paganism, Christianity, Gnosticism, and Islam, adapting their reading of the Hebrew Scriptures to the cultures that surrounded them while they told and retold the Scriptures. The chapter demonstrates how the Noah story in the Qur’an, derived from the Biblical one, remains the bedrock of Islamic readings. And, like Christian and Jewish interpreters, where the Islamic commentators found gaps in the Qur’anic account, they filled them in, and where they found difficulties, they clarified them, sometimes by drawing from the details in the Genesis story and in the rabbinic tradition.

This chapter illustrates the rise of automated decision-making and surveillance technologies in government, alongside the growing political inequality within Western liberal democracies. It examines the historical development of the use of technology in government, from paper-based systems to increasingly networked electronic systems, culminating in the extensive use of automation and AI in government. It demonstrates the effect of new technologies on vulnerable populations, honing in on social security as a case study. It shows that since the 1970s, the rapid advancements of technologies, combined with the “new public management” ideology, have effected fundamental changes in the processes, structures, staffing levels, and operations of government to an unprecedented extent. To illustrate the significant issues relating to the use of automated government decision-making, the chapter focuses on the government’s use of automation in social security as a case study.

Use a logic probe, not DVM or – worse – your eyes This should go without saying, but we’re not sure it yet does. We find it boring to stare at a wire, trying to see if it goes where it should.

Defines the level (high or low) in which a signal is “True,” or – better – “Asserted” (see next term). We avoid the former because many people associate “True” with “High,” and that is an association we must break.