Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T21:25:20.620Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Seeing the elephant: Parsimony, functionalism, and the emergent design of contempt and other sentiments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 October 2017

Matthew M. Gervais
Affiliation:
School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-2402. [email protected] Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1414
Daniel M. T. Fessler
Affiliation:
Center for Behavior, Evolution, and Culture, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1553. [email protected] Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1553

Abstract

The target article argues that contempt is a sentiment, and that sentiments are the deep structure of social affect. The 26 commentaries meet these claims with a range of exciting extensions and applications, as well as critiques. Most significantly, we reply that construction and emergence are necessary for, not incompatible with, evolved design, while parsimony requires explanatory adequacy and predictive accuracy, not mere simplicity.

Type
Authors' Response
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allport, G. W. (1954) The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Barrett, H. C. (2015) The shape of thought: How mental adaptations evolve. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, M. B. (1999) The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues 55(3):429–44.Google Scholar
Caprariello, P. A., Cuddy, A. J. C. & Fiske, S. T. (2009) Social structure shapes cultural stereotypes and emotions: A causal test of the stereotype content model. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 12(2):147–55.Google Scholar
Choi, J. K. & Bowles, S. (2007) The coevolution of parochial altruism and war. Science 318(5850):636–40.Google Scholar
Clore, G. L. & Schnall, S. (2005) The influence of affect on attitudes. In: The handbook of attitudes, ed. Albarracin, D., Johnson, B. T. & Zanna, M. P., pp. 437–89. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Darwall, S. L. (1977) Two kinds of respect. Ethics 88(1):3649.Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1893/1997) The division of labor in society. The Free Press.Google Scholar
Fessler, D. M. T. (1995) A small field with a lot of hornets: An exploration of shame, motivation, and social control . Doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Fessler, D. M. T. (1999) Toward an understanding of the universality of second order emotions. In: Biocultural approaches to the emotions, ed. Hinton, A. L., pp. 75116. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fessler, D. M. T. (2007) Steps toward an evolutionary psychology of a culture-dependent species. In The innate mindvol. II, ed. Carruthers, S., Laurence, S. & Stich, S., pp. 91117. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fessler, D. M. T, Barrett, H. C., Kanovsky, M., Stich, S., Holbrook, C., Henrich, J., Bolyanatz, A. H., Gervais, M. M., Gurven, M., Kushnick, G., Pisor, A. C., von Rueden, C. & Laurence, S. (2015) Moral parochialism and contextual contingency across seven disparate societies. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 282(1813):e20150907.Google Scholar
Fessler, D. M. T. & Haley, K. J. (2003) The strategy of affect: Emotions in human cooperation. In: The genetic and cultural evolution of cooperation, ed. Hammerstein, P., pp. 736. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Fischer, A. & Giner-Sorolla, R. (2016) Contempt: Derogating others while keeping calm. Emotion Review 8(4):346–57. doi:10.1177/1754073915610439. Available at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1754073915610439.Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H. (1994) Varieties of affect: Emotions and episodes, moods, and sentiments. In: The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions, ed. Ekman, P. & Davidson, R. J., pp. 5967. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H., Mesquita, B., Sonnemans, J. & Van Goozen, S. (1991) The duration of affective phenomena or emotions, sentiments and passions. In: International review of studies on emotion, vol. 1, ed. Strongman, K. T., pp. 187225. Wiley.Google Scholar
Frijda, N. H., Kuipers, P. & Ter Schure, E. (1989) Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57(2):212–28.Google Scholar
Gottman, J. M. & Levenson, R. W. (2000) The timing of divorce: Predicting when a couple will divorce over a 14-year period. Journal of Marriage and Family 62(3):737–45.Google Scholar
Haidt, J. & Keltner, D. (1999) Culture and facial expression: Open-ended methods find more faces and a gradient of recognition. Cognition and Emotion 13(3):225–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haslam, N. (2006) Dehumanization: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review 10(3):252–64.Google Scholar
Holbrook, C., Piazza, J. & Fessler, D. M. (2014a) Conceptual and empirical challenges to the “authentic” versus “hubristic” model of pride. Emotion 14(1):1732.Google Scholar
Hutcherson, C. A. & Gross, J. J. (2011) The moral emotions: A social-functionalist account of anger, disgust, and contempt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 100(4):719–37. doi: 10.1037/a0022408.Google Scholar
Izard, C. E. & Haynes, O. M. (1988) On the form and universality of the contempt expression: A challenge to Ekman and Friesen's claim of discovery. Motivation and Emotion 12(1):116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kragel, P. A. & LaBar, K. S. (2013) Multivariate pattern classification reveals autonomic and experiential representations of discrete emotions. Emotion 13(4):681–90.Google Scholar
Kupfer, T. R. & Giner-Sorolla, R. (2016) Communicating moral motives: The social signaling function of disgust. Social Psychological and Personality Science. Published Online December 15, 2016. doi: 10.1177/1948550616679236.Google Scholar
Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K. & Downs, D. L. (1995) Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68(3):518–30.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, D. (2005) Scalar ratings of contempt expressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 29:91104.Google Scholar
McDougall, W. (1937) Organization of the affective life: A critical survey. Acta Psychologica 2:233346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, W. I. (1997) The anatomy of disgust. Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onu, D., Kessler, T. & Smith, J. R. (2016) Admiration: A conceptual review. Emotion Review 8(3):218–30.Google Scholar
Pisor, A. C. & Gurven, M. (2016) Risk buffering and resource access shape valuation of out-group strangers. Scientific Reports 6:e30435. Available at: http://doi.org/10.1038/srep30435.Google Scholar
Preston, S. D. (2013) The origins of altruism in offspring care. Psychological Bulletin 139(6):1305–41. doi: 10.1037/a0031755.Google Scholar
Rai, T. S. & Fiske, A. P. (2011) Moral psychology is relationship regulation: Moral motives for unity, hierarchy, equality, and proportionality. Psychological Review 118(1):5775.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, E. L. & Ekman, P. (1995) Conceptual and methodological issues in the judgment of facial expressions of emotion. Motivation and Emotion 19(2):111–38.Google Scholar
Royzman, E., McCauley, C. R. & Rozin, P. (2005) From Plato to Putnam: Four ways to think about hate. In: The psychology of hate, ed. Sternberg, R. J., pp. 335. American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, J. A. (1991c) Negative results on a reported facial expression of contempt. Motivation and Emotion 15(4):281–91.Google Scholar
Russell, J. A. (1991d) The contempt expression and the relativity thesis. Motivation and Emotion 15:149–68.Google Scholar
Schriber, R. A., Chung, J. M., Sorensen, K. S. & Robins, R. W. (2016) Dispositional contempt: A first look at the contemptuous person. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Published online June 9, 2016. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000101.Google Scholar
Schroeder, J. & Risen, J. L. (2016) Befriending the enemy: Outgroup friendship longitudinally predicts intergroup attitudes in a coexistence program for Israelis and Palestinians. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 19(1):7293.Google Scholar
Sell, A., Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (2009) Formidability and the logic of human anger. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106(35):15073–78. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904312106.Google Scholar
Shand, A. F. (1920) The foundations of character: Being a study of the tendencies of the emotions and sentiments, 2nd edition. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Shaw, A., DeScioli, P., Barakzai, A. & Kurzban, R. (2017) Whoever is not with me is against me: The costs of neutrality among friends. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 71:96104.Google Scholar
Srivastava, S. & Beer, J. S. (2005) How self-evaluations relate to being liked by others: Integrating sociometer and attachment perspectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89(6):966–77.Google Scholar
Stohr, K. (2017) Our new age of contempt. The New York Times, January 23, 2017. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/23/opinion/our-new-age-of-contempt.html?emc=edit_tnt_20170123&nlid=69338964&tntemail0=y&_r=0.Google Scholar
Sznycer, D., Tooby, J., Cosmides, L., Porat, R., Shalvi, S. & Halperin, E. (2016) Shame closely tracks the threat of devaluation by others, even across cultures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 113(10):2625–30.Google Scholar
Tausch, N., Becker, J. C., Spears, R., Christ, O., Saab, R., Singh, P. & Siddiqui, R. N. (2011) Explaining radical group behavior: Developing emotion and efficacy routes to normative and nonnormative collective action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 101(1):129–48.Google Scholar
Tooby, J., Cosmides, L., Sell, A., Lieberman, D. & Sznycer, D. (2008) Internal regulatory variables and the design of human motivation: A computational evolutionary approach. In: Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation, ed. Elliot, A. J., pp. 251–71. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Tracy, J. L. & Robins, R. W. (2007) The psychological structure of pride: A tale of two facets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 92(3):506–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tracy, J. L. & Robins, R. W. (2014) Conceptual and empirical strengths of the authentic/hubristic model of pride. Emotion 14(1):3337.Google Scholar
Ufkes, E. G., Otten, S., van der Zee, K. I., Giebels, E. & Dovidio, J. F. (2011) The effect of stereotype content on anger versus contempt in “day-to-day” conflicts. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 15(1):5774.Google Scholar