España había sido uno de los últimos países europeos en introducir el cultivo de la remolacha azucarera. Hasta 1882, fecha en que se construyó la primera fábrica de azúcar de remolacha en la Vega de Granada, el mercado nacional se había abastecido básicamente mediante importaciones procedentes de las reliquias del Imperio —Cuba, Puerto Rico y Filipinas—, complementadas con una corta producción de azúcar de caña obtenida en la propia metrópoli a lo largo de una estrecha franja costera mediterránea de las provincias de Almería, Granada y Málaga.

Pere Estasen i Cortada (1855–1913) fue un innovador, porque desempeñó un papel fundamental en la introducción de la escuela histórica alemana de economía, el positivismo filosófico y el darwinismo social. Políticamente, tal como ha indicado el joven historiador de la ciencia Antoni Vives, hay que situarlo en los ambientes republicanos federales de tendencia más conservadora. Su pensamiento científico está influido por varias corrientes:

a) ilustración (Campomanes, Floridablanca, Jovellanos, Bernardo Ward) y liberalismo (Flórez Estrada, Jaumeandreu) hispánicos;

b) positivismo, evolucionismo, organicismo (Comte, Littré, Spencer, Pavel von Lilienfeld, A. E. Schäffle);

c) vieja y joven escuela histórica alemana (Roscher, Knies, Hildebrand, Schmoller, Held) y socialismo de cátedra (A. Wagner, barón de Laveleye); y

d) proteccionismo: List, Carey, Ferrier, G. Fiamingo3, y Colbert y Bismarck en el terreno de la política economica.

En este trabajo se intenta poner de relieve los orígenes de la actuación en el Congreso de los Diputados, de manera organizada, del grupo de presión librecambista. Pasaremos revista, en primer lugar, a los problemas clave que se debatieron en las legislaturas anteriores a 1841 y a las polarizaciones de intereses que se manifestaron, en un resumen desesperadamente abreviado. En segundo lugar, nos detendremos en el dictamen que informó a dichas ley, elaborado por Manuel Sánchez Chaves, Manuel María Gutiérrez y Ensebio María del Valle. En tercer lugar, comentaremos las cuestiones que atrajeron la atención de los diputados en la discusión parlamentaria y la homogeneidad de acción de los partidarios de una mayor liberalización comercial.

There are many studies about the export failure of the Spanish cotton industry, but they are mainly focused on specific features of the Spanish economy. This article applies new trade theories to this topic. Taking into account this theoretical framework, the main hypothesis is the imperfect competition of international cotton textile markets in 1913. The econometric model employed in this paper measures the influence of variables such as historical and geographical dependencies, home market effect and product differentiation strategies. This international approach shows new explanations to the lack of an export orientation of the Spanish cotton industry.

This article tries to provide a specific analytical framework which includes labour as an essential factor within die internal and external set of relations defining the competitiveness of firms and their strategies to adapt to the environment in which they operate. Special attention is given to the Spanish case, taking into consideration its regional and sectorial diversity. Instead of studying labour as an input to be bought and applied, or the history of the conflict between employers and employees, this article analyses the evolution of how different forms labour have been organised within firms. Labour is considered as an element with the potential to provide an incentive, to impede, facilitate, delay, and mainly adapt technological change to the different factor endowments. The emphasis is put on human capital —mainly shopfloor skills, organisation skills and research skills— instead of physical capital to explain the competitiveness of firms. Special attention is reserved to the institutional context and the interaction between business and governments on labour issues, analysing the state as an employer, regulator and intermediary in the transmission of skills and knowledge.

Between 1900 and 1935, the Argentine economy experienced important changes. Strongly specialized at first in the exportation of primary goods to European markets, the economy gradually turned to import substitution for the internal market. This transition was accompanied by increases in the number and scope of the functions performed by the State. In this paper we approach this evolution with an analysis of public investment in two critical areas: railways and water and drainage works, both of which resulted in the formation of the first public enterprises. Other aspects of public finances are also examined here: the evolution and structure of tax collection and public debt, both of which experienced an ever increasing complexity and scope.

In this paper we use patent statistics in order to analyse the structure of the Spanish economy between 1759 and 1878. We depart from the hypothesis that inventive activity is demand driven. The results show how at the beginning of the Spanish industrialisation the majority of patents were concentrated in a few innovative sectors. Besides the textile and basic metal industries, it is possible to find some other sectors that have not usually been linked to technical change nor to productivity growth during that period. This is the case for the food, beverages and tobacco industries, machinery and equipment as well as chemical, construction and services sectors. A detailed analysis of patent records makes it possible to study the characteristics and peculiarities of the technical progress concerning each one of these sectors.

La difusión del ordenador como artefacto manejado por los historiadores económkos es patente, y queda reflejada en las sesiones que los últimos congresos internacionales de Historia económica han dedicado a los métodos cuantitativos y en la abundante bibliografía disponible sobre estudios históricos realizados mediante el càlculo automàtico de la información cuantitativa pro-porcionada por las fuentes históricas. En España son cada vez más frecuentes los artículos que denotan la huella de la informática, al tiempo que aumentan los historiadores que demandan unos conocimientos de estadística y programa-ción que, lamentablemente, no reciben en sus Facultades. Por eso puede tener interés la recopilación de trabajos de Historia económica informatizados y su examen desde el punto de vista de las técnicas estadísticas utilizadas. La pretensión de este balance no va más aliá de ofrecer una muestra representativa (aunque claramente sesgada hacia las preferencias del autor, que son los siglos xix y xx, en lo temporal, y los aná;lisis dinámicos, en la perspectiva) de lo que se ha hecho en esa directión en España (cuya presentación puede verse en la sectión II) y de señalar las contingencias con que se puede encontrar el his-toriador de la economia que se precipite a consumir los servicios informáticos sin el imprescindible conocimiento de las herramientas estadísticas que el ordenador le calcula (esos riesgos son glosados en la sectión III).

The purpose of this work is to correct an error contained in the historical record of Mexico’s GDP which has led to underestimate considerably the progress achieved by industrialisation in the Mexican economy before the Great Depression, also distorting its position within the Latin American context. This error consists in the misleading identification of industry with manufacture, ignoring the contribution to Mexican industrial production made by the metallurgical sector. By incorporating the value added from metallurgy to the net output of manufacture the share of industry in GDP grows accordingly, placing Mexico among the most industrialised countries of Latin America by the end of the export era.

Gracias a un libro reciente de Pablo Martín Aceña hemos pasado a comprender plenamente la complejidad que tiene el Servicio de Estudios del Banco de España. Por una parte, es nada menos que una institución inmersa en el seno de nuestro Banco Central, en grandísima parte puesta al servicio de la política monetaria española. Sin el Servicio, ésta hoy sería, por fuerza, bastante diferente. De ahí se deriva una influencia muy importante y, por ello, poderosa, en el conjunto de la política española toda. Por otra, es un lugar de investigación de la economía que, desde hace setenta años trabaja, además, con unos niveles muy altos de calidad científica, mídanse éstos como se desee.

Como es bien conocido, el País Valenciano constituyó la principal área sericicultora en la España del siglo XVIII. Su desarrollo se había orientado, previamente, hacia el abastecimiento de los centros manufactureros castellanos y andaluces. Pero la progresiva decadencia que éstos experimentaron favoreció el surgimiento de una industria sedera autóctona que acabó absorbiendo la mayor parte de la materia prima producida por su agricultura. Ahora bien, uno de los rasgos más destacados de la sedería valenciana fue su casi absoluta concentración en la ciudad de Valencia. Es esta circunstancia la que confiere una excepcional importancia al análisis de las relaciones comerciales que en ella se establecieron en torno a la materia prima sedera. Sus datos nos proporcionarán una preciosa información sobre el complejo mundo de los cosecheros y especuladores. Pero, al mismo tiempo, constituirán, sobre todo, un claro índice de la situación de la sedería y un fiel instrumento para conocer el comportamiento de los principales fabricantes.

Among the colonial powers of the early modern period, France was the last to emerge. Although, the French had not abstained from the exploration of fhe New World in the 16th century: G. de Verrazano discovered the site of New York (1524), during a voyage sponsored by King Francis I; Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec and Montreal (1535). From the early 16th century, many ships from ports such as Dieppe, St. Malo, La Rochelle, went on privateering and or trading expeditions to the Guinea coast, to Brazil, to the Caribbean, to the Spanish Main. Many French boats did fish off Newfoundland. Some traded in furs on the near-by Continent. Moreover, during the 16th century, sporadic attempts were made to establish French settlements in «Equinoctial France» (Brazil), in Florida, in modern Canada, but they failed utterly. Undoubtedly, foreign wars against the Habsburgs, during the first half of the 16th and of the 17th centuries, civil «wars of religion» during the second half of the 16th century, political disorders like the blockade of La Rochelle or the Fronde during the first part of the 17th century, absorbed the attention and resources of French rulers, despite some ambitious projects, like those of Richelieu, for overseas trade. As for the port cities they tried to trade overseas but they were isolated and not strong enough (specially during die wars of religion) to create «colonies». Some small companies, which had been started in 1601 and 1604, to trade with the East Indies, were very short-lived, and the French did not engage seriously in Asian trade before 1664.

This article examines a case study of profound agricultural transformations along the Early Modern Age. Around the protoindustrial town of Alcoi there was an intense process of substitution of cultivations that altered the physiognomy of the rural activities of an area traditionally considered as poor from the agrarian point of view. The catalogue of these changes is substantial: the substitution of wheat for barley, the early introduction of corn and its strong spread, the advance of the cultivation of vine, and, finally, the adoption of crop rotations in the irrigable area that was part of a limited extension of land, though significant for a mountainous area. Throughout the text these changes are described and explained, keeping in mind the proto-industrial framework in which they appear, as well as their context in the Valencián and Spanish environment.

Fleeming Jenkin (1833–1885) was the first person in Britain to draw supply and demand curves, discussing them as mathematical functions and employing them to study economic problems. A celebrated engineer, he made remarkable contributions to economics, that attracted little attention in his time. This article goes through Jenkin's thought, emphasizing his analysis of the three laws of supply and demand, and its application to the labour market and die taxes, mat produced the independent discovery of die notion of consumer and producer surplus. The article holds that a reason why Jenkin lacked die acknowledgement he deserved lay in the hostile attitude towards him by Jevons and Marshall, who undervalued his contributions and insisted that they had anticipated Jenkin. The article concludes that this claim is unfounded.

The paper is divided in three parts. Firstly I explain why the big steel and iron European firms decided to concentrate vertically a part of die Vase mining sector with their plants. Then I analyse the four mining firms which were integrated in the continental iron and steel industry (Bilbao Iron Ore, Luchana Mining, Orconera and Franco Belga). Finally I defend die idea that die existence of these and other vertical concentrations in the Spanish mining sector force us to reconsider some of die topics in die controversy between pessimists and optimists (foreign firms benefits, trade balance and terms of trade).

In this paper a sample which gives information on males from Buenos Aires in 1852 is used to estimate earnings equations. Some of these empirical results deserve special attention. No statistical correlation is found between salaries and literacy, but there is a significant correlation between capital owners and literacy. These results are interpreted using human capital theory. Then, they are compared with similar studies for other countries in the same period.

This article deals with the consumption and marketing of textiles in some Castilian areas during the first decades of the 17th century. The study uses a new documentary source: the 1618 inquiry. Part one describes the main characteristics of this documentary source. The second part analyzes textiles sales according to the fibre the different fabrics were made of. The third part presents some notes on the typology of the textiles sold in the country. This allows us to describe the marketing areas of two highly representative products of the Castilian woollen industry: the Segovian and Andalusian cloth. Finally, in the fourth and last part we have estimated the consumption of textile fabrics by household. This analysis has also been completed with a study of the terms of trade between grain and some textile fabrics between 1614 and 1616. The results support the hypothesis of a higher consumption of textile products in Andalusia than in Old Castile at the beginning of the 17th century.

Based on his contributions to monetary theory, Alfred Marshall expounded on an important institutional innovation in the monetary system: he defended a central bank with more theoretical based arguments than his predecessors did —particularly Walter Bagehot— and he gave a leading role to the monetary authority in managing and controlling monetary policy (especially for countering the cycle). Marshall did not see the central bank system as a «minor evil» but a superior framework —even to any plan based on convertibility— to solve the problem of fluctuations in the value of money and credit cycles. His ideas in monetary policy were the seed for the Cambridge School and their relevance helped to prepare the way for spreading the proposals of John Maynard Keynes about monetary policy.