The low metallicity interstellar medium of dwarf galaxies gives a different picture in the far infrared(FIR)/submillimetre(submm)wavelengths than the more metal-rich galaxies. Excess emission is often found in the submm beginning at or beyond 500 μm. Even without taking this excess emission into account as a possible dust component, higher dust-to-gas mass ratios (DGR) are often observed compared to that expected from their metallicity for moderately metal-poor galaxies. The Spectral Energy Distributions (SEDs) of the lowest metallicity galaxies, however, give very low dust masses and excessively low values of DGR, inconsistent with the amount of metals expected to be captured into dust if we presume the usual linear relationship holding for all metallicities, including the more metal-rich galaxies. This transition seems to appear near metalllicities of 12 + log(O/H) 8.0 - 8.2. These results rely on accurately quantifying the total molecular gas reservoir, which is uncertain in low metallicity galaxies due to the difficulty in detecting CO(1-0) emission. Dwarf galaxies show an exceptionally high [CII] 158 μm/CO (1-0) ratio which may be indicative of a significant reservoir of ‘CO-free’ molecular gas residing in the photodissociated envelope, and not traced by the small CO cores.

Recurrent novae (RNe) belong to the group of cataclysmic variables that exhibit nova outbursts at intervals on the order of decades. They are rare, with 10 Galactic RNe known to date. Two are known in the LMC, while there are a few suspected RNe in M31. Nova outburst models require a high accretion rate on a massive white dwarf to explain the recurring nova outbursts, making this class of objects one of the most likely progenitor binary systems of Type Ia supernovae. The observational properties of the known Galactic recurrent novae are presented here, together with some discussion on the recent outbursts of RS Ophiuchi (2006), U Scorpii (2010), and T Pyxidis (2011).

Synoptic sky surveys are becoming the largest data generators in astronomy, and they are opening a new research frontier that touches practically every field of astronomy. Opening the time domain to a systematic exploration will strengthen our understanding of a number of interesting known phenomena, and may lead to the discoveries of as yet unknown ones. We describe some lessons learned over the past decade, and offer some ideas that may guide strategic considerations in the planning and execution of future synoptic sky surveys.

Division VII provides a forum for astronomers studying the Milky Way as a galactic system, as well as its constituents. It acts as an umbrella for two commissions, Commission 33 and Commission 37.

We can show that analysis of the (O-C) diagram is a powerful method of detecting new bodies in binary systems. For this purpose we need very symmetric minima with precisely determined shapes. In the case of good covering by observations with high time resolution, it is possible to determine the times of such minima with sufficient accuracy. In the case of V471 Tau, the (O-C) diagram gave us residua which can be explained by the presence of a fourth body with substellar mass in the system.

We revisit previous studies in which the characteristics of the solar and interplanetary sources of intense geomagnetic storms have been discussed. We consider the very intense geomagnetic storms that occurred during Solar Cycle 23 by setting a value of Dstmin ≤ −200 nT as threshold. We have identified and characterized the solar and interplanetary sources of each storm. After this, we investigate the overall characteristics of the interplanetary (IP) main-phase storm driver, including the time arrival of the shock/disturbance at 1 AU, the type of associated IP structure/ejecta, the origin of a prolonged and enhanced southward component (Bz) of the IP field, and other characteristics related to the energy injected into the magnetosphere during the storm.

Our understanding of planetary nebulae has been significantly enhanced as a result of several recent large surveys (Parker et al., these proceedings). These new discoveries suggest that the ‘PN phenomenon’ is in fact more heterogeneous than previously envisaged. Even after the careful elimination of mimics from Galactic PN catalogues, there remains a surprising diversity in the population of PNe and especially their central stars. Indeed, several evolutionary scenarios are implicated in the formation of objects presently catalogued as PNe. We provide a summary of these evolutionary pathways and give examples of each. Eventually, a full census of local PNe can be used to confront both stellar evolution theory and population synthesis models.

The galaxies hosting the most energetic explosions in the universe, the gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), are generally found to be low-mass, metal-poor, blue and star forming. However, the majority of the targets investigated so far (less than 100) are at relatively low redshift, z < 2. We know that at low redshift, the cosmic star formation is predominantly in small galaxies. Therefore, at low redshift, long-duration GRBs, which are associated with massive stars, are expected to be in small galaxies. Preliminary investigations of the stellar mass function of z < 1.5 GRB hosts does not indicate that these galaxies are different from the general population of nearby star-forming galaxies. At high-z, it is still unclear whether GRB hosts are different. Recent results indicate that a fraction of them might be in dusty regions of massive galaxies. Remarkable is the a super-solar metallicity measured in the interstellar medium of a z = 3.57 GRB host.

Phnom Rung was a Khmer-style Hindu temple complex. It was built in sandstone and laterite on the rim of an extinct volcano between the 10th and 13th centuries. At the beginning, the sanctuary was built as a dedication to Shiva. Following the abandonment of Phnom Rung (which was unrecorded) the sanctuary fell into ruin, and it was not until 1971 that it was restored using anastylosis. Phnom Rung Historical Park, along with the other temples Phimai and Muang Tum, have been on the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage since 2004.

Walking from the eastern side (front) to the western side of Phnom Rung takes the visitor through 15 doorways—those of the inner cloisters, the annex, the principal tower, and the inner sanctum. The centers of these doorways are perfectly aligned, with an azimuth of 84.5°. Every year thousands of people from Thailand and around the world travel to Phnom Rung to see the sun rising through its all of its 15 doorways. This event happens only twice a year, at the beginning of April and the beginning of September. Sunsets can also be seen through the doorways, in March and October. Each pair of sunrise-sunset events is separated by one lunar month.

The possible meaning of this event has been investigated by both archaeologists and astronomers. Nothing is recorded about sunrise or sunset among the inscriptions at the site. Another issue is that the many and various structures remain within the complex, showing that constructions in this area spanned several centuries. However, it seems that the overall layout did have a significance, both astronomical and religious.

Water is observed in many astrophysical environments in both gas and solid phase. Water ice, for its specific properties, is probably the most important template that structures the gas-solid interaction. In cold environments, its synthesis is supposed to occur directly in the solid phase and then water acts as a catalytic matrix for subsequent synthesis of various molecules. When the medium begins to warm again, water sublimates and nourishes the gas phase, as occurs for example in comets or in star forming regions. Over the last four years, water formation on cold surfaces has been studied experimentally. Different precursors (O, O2, O3. . .) have been used to understand the complex mechanisms that take place. Although numerous questions remain unanswered, at present, it is clear that water is easily formed by different pathways, and that the ice formed has an amorphous structure. The recent observations of the ortho/para ratio of water with Herschel satellite have similarities with the previous o/p ratio observations of water in comets. Some experimental work have been recently reported in this domain, mostly rare gas matrix studies where nuclear spin conversion is measured even at 4.2 K. H2 molecules adsorbed on amorphous solid water ice also exhibit a nuclear spin conversion in presence of a tiny fraction of O2. Finally, I will discuss if microphysics properties of water desorption can explain the o/p ratio values observed.

Research on the structure and dynamics of the Galactic System covers a large dynamic range of spatial scales and timescales and investigates the evolution of gas, stars and dark matter. Much recent activity, not just in Europe, has focused on preparing for the data from the upcoming ESA astrometric mission Gaia, scheduled for launch in 2013. Several ongoing (plus planned) wide-area ground-based surveys, both spectroscopic and photometric, are providing the necessary very large datasets for robust determination of the joint position-chemical-kinematic distribution functions of Galactic stellar populations. The time domain adds another dimension, the goal of ongoing and future massive photometric surveys (e.g. LSST). The dynamical evolution of disks has been the focus of much recent theoretical research, stimulated by the possibility of radial migration of stars and gas under transient dynamical perturbations.

The orbital period is one of the most accessible observables of a cataclysmic variable. It has been a concern for many years that the orbital period distribution of the known systems does not match that predicted by evolutionary theory. The sample of objects discovered by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey has changed this: it shows the long-expected predominance of short-period objects termed the ‘period spike’. The minimum period remains in conflict with theory, suggesting that the angular momentum loss mechanisms are stronger than predicted.

Solid state spectroscopy continues to be an important source of information on the mineralogical composition and physical properties of dust grains both in space and on planetary surfaces. With only a few exceptions, artificially produced or natural terrestrial analog materials, rather than ‘real’ cosmic dust grains, are the subject of solid state astrophysics. The Jena laboratory has provided a large number of data sets characterizing the UV, optical and infrared properties of such cosmic dust analogs. The present paper highlights recent developments and results achieved in this context, focussing on ‘non-standard conditions’ such as very low temperatures, very high temperatures and very long wavelengths.

In low-metallicity environments, massive stars are more easily formed than in the solar neighborhood. In this article, we see the following examples of low-mass star formation. We first describe the first star formation in the universe and argue that they are typically ordinary-sized massive stars, rather than very massive (> 100M⊙) ones. Next, we see how the metal-enrichment changes the thermal evolution of gas, thereby causing the shift of characteristic stellar mass towards lower mass. Finally, we discuss the possibility of forming supermassive stars in some special conditions in young galaxies.

Symbiotic stars are interacting binaries in which the first-formed white dwarf accretes and burns material from a red giant companion. This paper aims at presenting physical characteristics of these objects and discussing their possible link with progenitors of Type Ia supernovae.

We discuss the general properties of stellar cycles with emphasis on their amplitudes as a function of stellar parameters, particularly those stellar characteristics relevant to dynamo-driven magnetic activity. We deduce an empirical scaling relation between cycle frequency and differential rotation based on previously established empirical relations. We also compare the recent Cycle 23 to cycles in solar-type stars. We find that the extended minimum of Cycle 23 resembled in its Ca II H & K emission at minimum the mean levels of activity seen in stars with no cycles.

Pulsars are a classical example for time-domain astronomy. Using just the precisely measured arrival time of pulses from pulsars, we can study a wide range of physics, and in particular probe the validity of theories of gravity. Despite huge success, pulsar astrophysics will completely change with the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), lifting pulsar science into a new era of time-domain astronomy. I will review the applications using pulsars and the prospects for the SKA.

The Herschel Space Observatory is revolutionizing our view of dust in galaxies with high sensitivity observations in the far infrared(FIR)/submillimeter (submm) regime from 70 to 500 μm. Herschel is confirming the submm excess that has been noted previously in low metallicity dwarfs. We present here the Dwarf Galaxies Survey sample through a Herschel colour-colour diagram. We will then focus on two galaxies, Haro11 and NGC4449 presenting different interesting behaviours in the FIR as revealed by Herschel.

This paper is focused on the transition phase between central stars and white dwarfs, i.e. objects in the effective temperature range 100 000 – 200 000 K. We confine our review to hydrogen-deficient stars because the common H-rich objects are subject of the paper by Ziegler et al. in these proceedings. We address the claimed iron-deficiency in PG1159 stars and [WC] central stars. The discovery of new Ne vii and Ne viii lines in PG1159 stars suggests that the identification of O vii and O viii lines that are used for spectral classification of [WCE] stars is wrong. We then present evidence for two distinct post-AGB evolutionary sequences for H-deficient stars based on abundance analyses of the He-dominated O(He) stars and the hot DO white dwarf KPD 0005+5106. Finally, we report on evidence for an H-deficient post-super AGB evolution sequence represented by the hottest known, carbon/oxygen-atmosphere white dwarf H 1504+65 and the recently discovered carbon-atmosphere “hot DQ” white dwarfs.

This article presents three case studies of the role of astronomy within the culture of Late Babylonian Uruk. I argue that in order to fully understand Babylonian astronomy it is necessary to combine technical study of astronomical cuneiform texts with wider cultural study of Babylonian scholarship, archival practice and society.