An estimated 20-25% of all strokes occur during sleep and these patients wake up with their deficits. This study evaluated outcomes among patients who woke up with stroke compared to those who were awake at stroke onset.

Using data from the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network Phases 1 and 2, we compared demographics, clinical data and six-month outcomes between patients with stroke-on-awakening versus stroke-while-awake. Strokes of all types (ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage) were included. Standard descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic regression and general linear modeling were applied to the data to compare variables.

Among 2,585 stroke patients, 349 (13.5%) woke up with stroke and 2,236 (86.5%) did not. Patients with stroke-on-awakening were more likely to have higher blood pressure and to suffer ischemic stroke, but stroke severity, measured by level of consciousness, did not differ. Mortality both at discharge and at six-month follow-up did not differ between the two cohorts. However, patients with stroke-on-awakening were less likely to return home, and their median Stroke Impact Scale-16 scores were 7.0 points lower compared to those with stroke-while-awake.

There are minor demographic and clinical differences between patients with stroke-on-awakening and stroke-while-awake. Functional outcomes are slightly worse among patients with stroke-on-awakening, an effect which was driven by poor outcomes among patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Our goal was to perform a quantitative evaluation of the improvement in functional capacity, quality of life, mental function, reduction in drug intake and impact on hospital admissions after vertebroplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures. The efficacy of vertebroplasty in relief of pain has been addressed in previous publications but the quantitative evaluation of improvement in quality of life has not been addressed before.

This is a prospective study of 42 patients with 83 symptomatic vertebral fractures treated by vertebroplasty with a mean follow-up of 9.1 months. The outcome was measured by pre and postoperatively utilizing the Visual Analogue Scale, the Oswestry Disability Index, the Rolland Morris Scale for Back Pain and EuroQol-5D questionnaire (EQ-5D). The postoperative evaluations were performed at one week, one month, three month, and six month intervals thereafter.

In 34 out of 39 active patients, marked pain relief was noted (87%). The Visual Analogue Scale score improved from a mean preoperative score of 8.2 to a mean postoperative score of 2.9 (p=0.0000003) at one week follow up and 3.9 at the last follow-up. The Rolland Morris Scale for Back Pain showed a drop from a mean preoperative rating of 13 to a mean postoperative rating of 10, showing a 25% improvement (p= 0.0207). The Oswestry Disability Index preoperatively was 64.4 which improved to 43.8 postoperatively, showing a 32% improvement (p= 0.0207). The EQ-5D showed a mean preoperative index value of 0.097 and mean postoperative index value of 0.592 (p = 0.0000003). All p-values were determined by the Willcoxin sign-ranked test.

Vertebroplasty is a safe and efficacious procedure with a resulting improvement in pain and quality of life.

Cysts of the ligamentum flavum are rare and unusual causes of spinal compression.

We report our experience of four cases of ligamentum flavum cysts occurring in the lumbar spine and discuss some of the possible etiologies and pathophysiologic mechanisms according to the available literature.

This entity is clearly different from the synovial facet-joints or ganglion cysts.

To evaluate the referral patterns of patients to a stroke prevention clinic (SPC) and to test the adequacy of pre-referral diagnosis and management of modifiable risk factors for stroke.

We collected prospective data on consecutive patients referred to the SPC at University of Alberta Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Outcome measures included: alternate diagnoses to stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), uncontrolled or undiagnosed hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes, therapies, and investigations leading to carotid endarterectomy.

Two thousand and eleven patients were referred to SPC. Nearly 25% of the referrals originated from the emergency room and the rest from general physicians. Of the referrals, 68.7% were confirmed as TIA or stroke at the SPC. Among 1381 patients with TIA or stroke, 736 had history of hypertension. Uncontrolled hypertension was found in 265 patients (36.0% of those with hypertension: 95% CI: 32.5–39.5) while undiagnosed hypertension was found in 103 (15.9% of those without hypertension: 95%CI: 13.14-18.79). History of hyperlipidemia was present in 451 patients (32.6%) and 356 (78.9%: 95% CI: 75.2-82.69) of these patients were not at target for secondary prevention. Among 930 patients without history of hyperlipidemia, 739 (79.5%: 95% CI: 76.8-82.1) were diagnosed with hyperlipidemia through the SPC. Fasting blood glucose levels above 7.1 mmol/L in patients with and without history of diabetes were 221 (79.2%: 95% CI: 74.5-83.9) and 66 (6%: 95%CI: 4.6-7.4) respectively.

Management of risk factors for stroke needs improvement. SPCs should consider actively managing the classical modifiable risk factors of stroke.

Transient focal lesions in the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC) have been previously described in patients with epilepsy or without epilepsy but receiving antiepileptic drugs (AED).

Two epileptic patients were admitted to our long-term monitoring unit. Antiepileptic drugs were completely discontinued a few days later. One patient had no seizures. The other had three attacks, the last of which occurred two days before a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. In both cases brain MRI showed a lesion in the SCC characterized by high signal on T2-weighted images and no enhancement after Gadolinium infusion. The patients were discharged with their pre-admission medications. A follow-up MRI five weeks later showed resolution of the SCC lesions.

The pathogenesis of transient SCC lesions in epileptic patients is still unclear. In our patients, either the sudden AED withdrawal or the seizures activity may be presumed to be the cause, though an individual susceptibility must also be considered.

To survey neurosurgical practices in the treatment of chronic and subacute subdural hematoma in the Canadian adult population.

We developed and administered a questionnaire to Canadian Neurosurgeons with questions relating to the management of chronic and subacute subdural hematoma. Our sampling frame included all neurosurgery members of the Canadian Neurosurgical Society.

Of 158 questionnaires, 120 were returned (response rate = 76%). The respondents were neurosurgeons with primarily adult clinical practices (108/120). Surgeons preferred one and two burr-hole craniostomy to craniotomy or twist-drill craniostomy as the procedure of choice for initial treatment of subdural hematoma (35.5% vs 49.5% vs 4.7% vs 9.3%, respectively). Craniotomy and two burr-holes were preferred for recurrent subdural hematomas (43.3% and 35.1%, respectively). Surgeons preferred irrigation of the subdural cavity (79.6%), use of a subdural drain (80.6%), and no use of anti-convulsants or corticosteroids (82.1% and 86.6%, respectively). We identified a lack of consensus with keeping patients supine following surgery and post-operative antibiotic use.

Our survey has identified variations in practice patterns among Canadian Neurosurgeons with respect to treatment of subacute or chronic subdural hematoma (SDH). Our findings support the need for further prospective studies and clinical trials to resolve areas of discrepancies in clinical management and hence, standardize treatment regimens.

Acute neurological deterioration secondary to cervical disc herniation not related to external trauma is very rare, with only six published reports to date. In most cases, acute symptoms were due to progression of disc herniation in the presence of pre-existing spinal canal stenosis.

A 42-year-old man developed weakness and numbness in his arms and legs immediately following a sneeze. On physical examination he had upper motor neuron signs that progressed over a few hours to a complete C5 quadriplegia. An emergent magnetic resonance imaging study revealed a massive C4/5 disc herniation. He underwent emergency anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Postoperatively, the patient remained quadriplegic. Eighteen days later, while receiving rehabilitation therapy, he expired secondary to a pulmonary embolus. Autopsy confirmed complete surgical decompression of the spinal cord.

Our case demonstrates that acute quadriplegia secondary to cervical disc herniation may occur without a history of myelopathy or spinal canal stenosis after an event as benign as a sneeze.

Retinal artery occlusion represents a medical emergency with poor prognosis for visual recovery. Spontaneous improvement is estimated to occur in less than 15% of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) cases and conventional treatments have provided only limited benefit. Intra-arterial thrombolysis has been reported as a potentially efficacious and safe treatment.

We performed a retrospective chart review of all retinal artery occlusion cases treated with intra-arterial recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA) from January 1998 to May 2004. Patients received Goldmann perimetry visual field testing at a variable interval following the procedure (2 days-2.5 years). Visual acuity (VA) was re-assessed in May 2004.

Eight cases (59-77 years) were treated for CRAO, 6-18 hours post-onset with intra-arterial rtPA (10-20 mg over 15-60 minutes); one case of branch occlusion (BRAO) was treated with 30 mg rtPA over 75 minutes, 12 hours post-onset. Among the six patients with CRAO assessed in clinic, three experienced improvement in VA by two or more gradations (Snellen lines); three improved by one gradation. However, none achieved a final VA better than 20/300. The case of branch occlusion improved to a VA of 20/20. All patients had residual monocular field defects.

Our findings reveal a limited benefit for intra-arterial tPA compared to the rate of spontaneous improvement and conventional forms of therapy for retinal artery occlusion.

Many anomalies and variants in vascular anatomy have been reported in relation to the anterior cerebral artery (ACA). Patients and

We encountered an apparently novel anomaly in a 30-year-old man admitted for disturbance of consciousness following a traffic accident. Computed tomography revealed an acute subdural hematoma and subarachnoid hemorrhage.

No vascular abnormalities related to the hemorrhage were detected by conventional angiography, so we concluded that the bleeding was of traumatic origin. Anomalous origin of the ACA was disclosed incidentally, with both A1 segments arising from the right internal carotid artery; no normal A1 segment of the left ACA was visualized. We discuss possible bases for this anomalous origin.

Sympathomimetic-related intracerebral hemorrhage is well-documented. Most cases are associated with phenylpropanolamine use.

We report a case of intracerebral hemorrhage occurring in a middle-aged man who suffered from chronic sinusitis and had been ingesting pseudoephedrine daily for one year. This patient was previously well with no known cardiovascular risk factors. Clinical examination revealed no evidence of vasculitis nor coagulopathy and initial neuroimaging (i.e., computed tomography, angiography, magnetic resonance imaging) demonstrated no features consistent with aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation (AVM), cavernoma, nor cerebral metastases. A follow-up cerebral angiogram demonstrated a small AVM arising off a branch of the pericallosal artery and a small arteriovenous fistula arising off the costal marginal branch. The AVM was embolized without incident, however, the AVF was not accessible.

Sympathomimetics have long been associated with intracerebral hemorrhage. Since 1979, over 30 published case reports have documented the relationship between phenylpropanolamine and stroke. Only one report links phenylpropanolamine consumption to an intracerebral hemorrhage in a patient with an AVM. There is a paucity of literature etiologically inculpating other ephedra alkaloids in the causation of intracerebral hemorrhage. This is a case of pseudoephedrine-induced intracerebral hemorrhage in a patient with an underlying vascular malformation.

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a rare phenomenon that has no distinct etiology. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) during pregnancy is extremely rare. We present what we believe to be the fifth reported case of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma associated with pregnancy in the English literature.

A 31-year-old female presented with acute onset of paraplegia at 32 weeks of pregnancy. The patient had a T2 sensory level and complete paralysis of all lower extremity motor groups. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic spine showed an acute epidural hematoma posterior to the thoracic spinal cord between the second and fourth thoracic vertebrae.

The patient was taken to the operating room were her child was delivered by caesarean section. She then underwent a posterior laminectomy and evacuation of a spinal epidural hematoma. Followup selective spinal angiography was negative for any vascular malformation. The patient gradually recovered lower extremity function and was independently ambulating at six month follow-up. Voluntary bowel and bladder function returned within four months but twice daily intermittent catheterization remained necessary for excessive post-void residual urine.

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma in pregnancy is a rare phenomenon. It is postulated that elevated venous pressure associated with pregnancy may be a contributing factor. In the reported cases of SSEH in pregnancy most patients presented with acute symptoms, thoracic location and profound neurological deficits but, with prompt surgical treatment, generally had good long term recovery.

Cerebral small vessel disease is rarely described in association with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), a hereditary connective tissue disorder with skin, eye and vascular manifestations. This autosomally inherited elastic tissue disease has been attributed to mutations in the ABCC6 gene located on chromosome 16p13.1. Different stroke mechanisms are suggested in PXE patients, arterial hypertension and accelerated atherosclerosis being the leading ones.

Case 1: A 49-year-old man with history of mild hypertension presented with recurrent transient ischemic attacks. At the age of 42, evaluation for progressive visual loss and skin changes led to diagnosis of PXE. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed multiple lacunar infarctions and confluent periventricular white matter lesions (WML). Case 2: A 71-year-old woman with history of mild hypertension suffered right-sided stroke. Diagnosis of PXE was made at the age of 48 due to severe visual loss and skin changes. Brain MRI revealed multiple lacunar infarctions and subcortical ischemic leukoencephalopathy. Case 3: A 47-year-old woman with prominent skin changes and bilateral amblyopia developed right-sided weakness. Skin biopsy confirmed PXE. Several lacunar infarcts in deep white matter and pons were revealed on MRI. Discussion: We present three patients with clinical and histopathological features of PXE who presented with multiple lacunar strokes, two with extensive confluent WML. These cases illustrate that PXE is a rare but significant risk factor for small vessel disease and stroke in patients of all age groups. Occlusive small vessel disease and subsequent lacunar infarcts and WML represent important PXE manifestations.

The purpose of this study was to describe the outcomes of patients with a severe stroke admitted to a specialized “slow stream” rehabilitation program and to develop a model to predict discharge destination.

Chart review of 196 consecutive non-ambulatory (“lower-band”) stroke patients admitted between 1996-2001, to a specialized in-patient rehabilitation unit designed to accommodate the needs of patients with profound disabilities, and who were considered inappropriate for conventional inpatient rehabilitation programs. Special features of this program included the availability of an independent living unit, therapies tailored to individual tolerance and the opportunity to remain on the unit for an extended period until such time that the patients' rehabilitation potential had been maximized.

Patients were admitted to the unit after a median of 49 days following stroke onset. Their median admission and discharge functional independence measure (FIMTM) scores were 46 and 70, respectively. The improvement in ability to perform self-care tasks was statistically significant (Z= -11.18, p<0.0001). By discharge, 54 patients (28%) were able to ambulate independently (with or without an assistive device), while 142 patients (72%) remained wheelchair dependent. Eighty-five patients (43%) returned to their own home upon rehabilitation discharge, while the remainder were admitted to nursing homes or hospitals closer to the patients' home. Admission FIM score, age, no previous history of stroke and male sex were the variables found to most strongly predict discharge home.

Patients with severe strokes who received individualized care on a highly specialized stroke rehabilitation unit achieved impressive functional outcomes despite a lag of seven weeks post stroke before rehabilitation was initiated. Many patients were no longer wheelchair dependent and almost half returned home. Active rehabilitation should not be limited to “middle-band” stroke patients.