Despite many previous studies on the life history of the squid Loligo forbesi, the roles of internal and external factors in growth and maturation have not previously been investigated in detail. The present study takes advantage of the availability of statistical techniques, namely generalised additive models, which permit simultaneous evaluation of the effects of multiple explanatory variables while avoiding the need to assume linear relationships. This has the further advantage that the size of body parts can be entered directly into the models rather than expressed as indices (e.g., gonado-somatic index). The present analysis is based on measurements taken from monthly market samples during 1989-1991 and aims to infer patterns of reproductive and somatic investment though comparison of large numbers of individuals at different (post recruit) life-cycle stages. Results indicate that, once the effect of body size is removed, gonad weight in both sexes is affected by month and digestive gland weight, consistent with seasonal triggering of maturation, and with energy for gonad growth being derived from food. There is also evidence of a negative relationship between somatic and ovary growth in females, possibly indicating remobilisation of somatic tissue to grow the ovary. In males, relationships between variables tended to have more complex forms, probably related to the existence of two or more growth patterns leading to different sizes at maturity. As found in previous work, maturation begins around 1-2 months earlier in males, suggesting that sensitivity to external triggers is controlled by a sex-dependent internal factor.

The experiment was conducted for 122 days in central Thailand to test rearing of hybrid catfish in cages in earthen ponds, where tipalia (Oreochromis niloticus) was stocked to utilize the waste products derived from intensively reared catfish. Catfish fingerlings (13-17 g size) was stocked in plastic net cages at a density of 275 fish/m3. Six earthen ponds (250 m2-110 m3 each) were used to suspend the cages in two loading densities as experimental treatments: 880 and 1760 catfish/pond. Each loading density was replicated in 3 ponds. Each pond was stocked with 440 sex-reversed male tilapia of 6-7 g size in open water, giving the catfish and tilapia stocking ratios of 2:l and 4:1, respectively. Catfish was fed twice daily at 3-10% body weight per day with commercial floating pellets containing 25-30% crude protein. Wate quality was analyzed bi-weekly for concentration of dissolved oxygen, ammonia and chlorphyll a.

Results showed that there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) in catfish growth rate and survival between the two loading densities. The mean weight gain of harvested catfish was 259.5 ± 34.5 g and 255.2 ± 8.4 glfish, giving the total net yield of 218.0 ± 26.8 kg and 391.5 ± 88.0 kg per pond in low and high loading density, respectively. Tilapia was harvested with mean weight of 172.3 ± 37.8 g and 297.5 f 32.0 glfish, and the net yield of 68.1 ±13.6 and 86.0 ± 27.2 kg/pond for low and high loading catfish density treatment, respectively. Chlorophyll a and total ammonia concentrations differed greatly between the two treatments. Early morning dissolved oxygen (DO) declined steadily both treatments over the culture period.

This study was designed to specify the testosterone (T), estradiol-17β (E2) and 17,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20β-P) variations during the pre-ovulatory period in female Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis, and also examine the ovarian synthesis of 17,20β-P and 17,20β,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20β-S). Five females (100–300 g) were collected from a concrete pond from the Lindre Center (Moselle, France) between March and April 1999, three times a week, and sex steroids measured. Two females were also collected from the Lindre pond on three dates (18 February, 14 and 23 March) for an in vitro study. Significant plasma 17,20β-P peaks were measured for the first time in this species reaching 3.5 ng ml–1. However, the synthesis and release of 17,20β-P in blood seems to not be synchronized with the final maturation and ovulation stages. The in vitro study showed that ovaries at the pre-ovulatory stage produce some 17,20β-P but no 20β-S from a tritiated precursor (17-P-3H). 17,20β-P is produced after 30 min and is still present in the medium after 2 h of incubation, but is no longer detectable after 4 h. Some other non-identified compounds were synthesized at this stage suggesting that 17,20β-P was quickly metabolized. Moreover, the plasma level increases, observed in spawned females suggest that this steroid might be involved in the oviposition process. These results suggest a role for 17,20β-P in the final stages of oocyte development.

A deterministic, forecasting, equilibrium study has been conducted of the multispecies and multi-métier fisheries of the Celtic Sea, ICES divisions VIIf and g. Calculations have been made of the optimal fleet sizes and mesh sizes required to maximize objectives of joint relative sustainable yields, gross revenue and net revenue. The species modelled are the resident populations of cod (Gadus morhua), whiting (Merlangius merlangus), sole (Solea solea), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus), with additional consideration given to catches of hake (Merluccius merluccius), monkfish (Lophius sp.) and megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis). The fleet métiers modelled are the beam trawls, Nephrops otter trawls and non-Nephrops otter trawls. If mesh sizes can be calculated independently foreach métier, then the yields and the gross revenue are maximized by increased effort and mesh sizes, especially in the non-Nephrops fleet. If a common mesh size is required for all fleets, then the yields and the gross revenue are maximized when (i) this mesh size is of 114 mm, (ii) the fishing effort in beam and Nephrops fleets is significantly increased, (iii) the non-Nephrops fleet is almost eliminated. Maximization of net revenue requires a mesh size similar to the current mesh of 80 mm, but with significant reductions of fishing effort in all fleets. Average profitability is increased by 50 millions EUROs per year for the Celtic Sea fishery. The model provides a basic structure for examining the management with a more realistic dynamic and stochastic description of the Celtic Sea fisheries.

The behaviour and spatial distribution of tuna, aggregated beneath fish aggregating devices (FADs), have been studied through ultrasonic tagging experiments but, surprisingly, very few studies on FADs have used underwater acoustic devices. We present techniques, and their limits, incorporating a scientific echo sounder connected to a split-beam transducer to observe and characterise tuna aggregations around FADs, and propose a general approach for future studies. Experiments were conducted in French Polynesia between December 1995 and February 1997. Two methods, echo-counting and echo integration, were used. Echo-counting is possible when individual fish are sufficiently scattered so that each target can be discerned. On the other hand, echo integration can be used with both scattered and aggregated fish schools. The knowledge of tuna target strength is useful for separating targets for echo-counting, and essential for obtaining absolute estimates of densities by echo integration. Sonar performances and settings should be considered when choosing the most suitable method to determine fish density or assessing spatial structure of a tuna aggregation. These techniques allow one to study an entire tuna aggregation, its behaviour in space and time at very fine time–space scales (about a nautical mile and over a few hours), and open up a new scientific field to study the spatial structure and behaviour of tuna aggregations around anchored or drifting FADs.

We investigated spatial patterns of stony corals, molluscs and echinoderms among six habitat types within the lagoons of six atolls in the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia). Percent cover (stony corals only), abundance and richness were recorded within habitat types delineated by specific geomorphological features. Among six habitat types defined a priori, four encompassed distinct assemblages of corals and molluscs: (1) pinnacles possessed maximum richness, abundance and coverage, (2) passes showed relatively high abundance and coverage, (3) lagoon floors were marked by the commonness of a few coral genera, and minimum mollusc abundance and richness, and (4) inner reef flat stations, independent of their location in front of spillways, motu or rim zones, had low cover, abundance, and richness. While habitat associations were similar for stony corals and molluscs, echinoderms were preferentially found on the inner reef flat facing the rim. Lowest echinoderm abundances and species richness were recorded on pinnacles and in the vicinity of the pass. Such small-scale spatial heterogeneity appears to be one of the distinctive characteristics of coral communities in French Polynesian reefs. These results, along with those of the TYPATOLL program, demonstrate the importance of both local and regional factors in determining the diversity and structure of coral assemblages. Habitat fidelity was weak: many species/genera were poorly represented among habitats and restricted to a few atolls, while others were present across all lagoons and habitats. Therefore, marine protected areas design based solely on representativeness will require the protecting the vast majority of lagoon habitats.

Despite the importance of the dredge fishery in Portugal, few studies have focused on bycatch and discard mortality. Catches from three types of dredge: north dredge (ND); grid dredge (GD); and traditional dredge (TD), currently used in the Spisula solida (Bivalvia: Mactridae) fishery, were compared in order to characterize bycatch and to estimate discard mortality. In TD and ND, the catch was retained in a net bag, whereas in the GD a metallic grid cage was used. Tows were carried out on sandy bottoms at depths ranging from 5 to 10 m. Bycatch differed significantly between dredges. The ratio of bycatch abundance to S. solida was 0.22:1 for ND, 0.10:1 for GD and 0.33:1 for TD. The weight ratio was 0.15:1, 0.14:1 and 0.32:1 for ND, GD and TD, respectively. Although a lower bycatch was observed for GD, higher mortality (ND: 10%; TD: 20%; GD: 36%) was estimated for this dredge. However, taking into consideration the fishing yields obtained for each dredge combined with the fact that this fishery is managed by daily quota per vessel, our results showed that, at daily quota level, discard mortality was lower when GD was used. Our study suggests that in output-controlled fisheries, there are obvious advantages in developing dredges with rigid retention structures, such as metallic grids, because these are more selective and efficient than dredges that use net bags. At species level, the bycatch mortality to attain quota varied among dredges. A “selective” and persisting significant removal of bycatch species from biota may change benthic community structure. Therefore, clam fisheries should apply exploitation strategies that are goal-oriented and adaptive to the evolution of the macrofauna communities, which might include the use of different dredge types, thereby diversifying the bycatch and consequently avoiding the cumulative removal of specific macrofauna taxa.

Anti-proteinase activity was demonstrated in the seminal plasma of cyprinid fish species (bream, chub, ide, dace, asp, goldfish, roach, common carp) using electrophoretic techniques combined with a detection method based on inhibition of bovine trypsin. We found species-specific protease inhibitors in the seminal plasma of cyprinids. At least three bands of protease inhibitors with different migration rates could be identified by native PAGE. Higher variability was characterized for bands with slower migration rates. Visualization of inhibitors after SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions allowed estimation of their molecular weights. Apparent molecular weights were within the range of 51–59 and 47–54 kDa for the bands with slower and moderate migration rates, respectively. The molecular weight of fast migration bands for roach and common carp were estimated to 23 and 30 kDa, respectively. Inhibitors of common carp seminal plasma differed in their affinity toward serine proteases. Three inhibitors in common carp seminal plasma could be visualized using cod and bovine trypsin, but only two inhibitors (of high molecular weight) were recognized with chymotrypsin. There were differences in anti-proteinase activity and seminal plasma protein concentration in relation to the origin of common carp seminal plasma (breeding lines) and time of milt collection (spawning vs. post-spawning season).

Daytime 38 kHz mean volume backscattering strength (MVBS) of small pelagic fish in the Gulf ofSt. Lawrence was recorded at 60-m intervals along a regular network of 11 parallel transects in August 1991. Profiles of temperature, salinity, density and transmittance were collected on a grid of 44 punctual stations along the transects. The MVBS was contagiously distributed and autocorrelated for al1 transects. No significant monotone relationship with any of the environmental variables was evidenced, except that the highest concentrations of fish were located over shallow bottoms. The anisotropic variogram of MVBS indicated three different scales of spatial structures: an unresolved small-scale variability, which accounted for only 7.7% of variance, and two structure components of along-transect scales of ~500 m (~40%) and 15 km (~50%). The theoretical variograms deduced for larger echo-integration units (EIUs) than the recorded 60-m unit, provided a good fit to the corresponding experimental variograms up to EIU of 1920-m, when the disturbing effect of outliers on the variograms was removed. Global estimates and maps produced with 240-m and 1920-m EIU data were almost identical, showing that no significant loss of information was caused by increasing the EIU. Asymmetric confidence intervals of the global estimates are obtained using two variograms, one controlled for the effect of the outliers, the other one not controlled. In an effort to take the relation of MVBS with the bottom depth into account, four differentkriging methods were compared: ordinary kriging, kriging with the bottom depth or its indicator-transform as external drift, and 3-D ordinary kriging with depth as the third dimension. Because of the weak relation of MVBS with the bottom depth, ordinary kriging had the best performance. Results are discussed in the context of applications of geostatistics to estimation and mapping of acoustic survey data.

Les caractéristiques biologiques des civelles (Anguillaanguilla) ont été étudiées entre novembre et mars lors dedeux campagnes d'échantillonnage successives (1996–1997 et1997–1998) dans l'estuaire de l'Adour. Une diminution de lalongueur (en moyenne de 73,5 à 67,4 mm) et du poids (en moyenne de 3,5à 2,6 dg) des civelles durant la saison de migration est observéecomme sur les autres estuaires. Différents groupes de civelles peuvent êtreidentifiés au cours de chaque saison étudiée. Les variations ducoefficient d'allométrie statique et de l'indice de similaritéindiquent l'arrivée successive de différents flux dans le bas estuaire. Cesgroupes sont bien différenciés lors de la première campagne alorsqu'ils se chevauchent dans le temps lors de la seconde. La conjonction deforts débits fluviaux et de faibles coefficients de marée induit desconditions de migration défavorables pour les civelles qui pénètrenten estuaire. Après accumulation des bancs de civelles dans la partie basse del'estuaire, quand les conditions hydrologiques redeviennent favorables, les bancsmélangés remontent vers l'amont par « vagues »successives, au rythme des marées.

La notion de qualité des postlarves de crevettes pénéides, qui sous-entend un potentiel de survie, est un paramétre resté longtemps subjectif. Les critères zootechniques et les observations visuelles ne sont pas des paramètres suffisants pour apprécier la condition physiologique des postlarves à la sortie de l'écloserie. La résistance aux chocs de salinité est un critère représentatif de l'état des postlarves. Cette étude a pour but de présenter un modèle de régression non linéaire à deux variables (taille, salinité) de la résistance des postlarves Penaeus vannamei à des chocs de salinité. Entre le 2e et le 20e jour après la métamorphose 5 chocs de salinité. (20, 15, 10, 5 et 2 ‰) sont testés chaque jour, avec respectivement 50 postlarves par salinité. Le taux de survie est enregistré après 2 heures. Parallèlement, la croissance des postlarves en élevage est étudiée par la mesure quotidienne de 30 animaux. La tolérance à la salinité des postlarves P. vannamei augmente avec la taille qui s'accroit d'une façon linéaire.

The purse seine fishery in the Western Indian Ocean is dominated by Spanish and French vessels that rely heavily on the use of drifting fish aggregation devices (DFADs) to capture tropical tuna species (skipjack, yellowfin and bigeye tuna). This study uses local ecological knowledge (LEK) obtained through standardized interviews of fishing masters to compare and characterize the body of local ecological knowledge, fishing technology and fishing strategies of both fleets, with the goal of obtaining useful information for the management of the fishery. A notable difference between fleets was the number of DFADs actively monitored per vessel at any given time, which was much higher for Spanish vessels (ca. 60 versus 20 DFADs). Spanish vessels also achieved higher vessel CPUE (catch per DFAD set) than their French counterparts. The use of supply vessels to manage, monitor and protect productive DFADs, and the latest satellite-based technology to track and remotely monitor DFAD aggregations is restricted to the Spanish fleet. The French do not use supply vessels and deploy less sophisticated tracking buoys. These technological disparities resulted in some fishing strategy differences between both fleets, but few differences were found in the knowledge of tuna behavior accumulated by the fishers.

Results of an annual survey of fishing activities and catches in the Gambia estuary (200 km long), carried out from June 2001 to May 2002, indicated that fishing effort targets mainly (66% of fishing trips) shrimps. As a result of the globalisation of fish markets, the fishery has become a quasi mono-exploitation of shrimp for exporting. At the opposite, fishing activities focusing on fish were low and carried out with large and medium mesh drift nets, gill nets and surrounding nets (17% of fishing trips), handlines and longlines (15%). The annual catch, estimated at 2350 tonnes for the estuarine part of the River Gambia, consisted of 1800 t of fish and 550 t of shrimp. Stownets were the most efficient gear accounting for 50% of the total production (550 t of shrimp and 600 t of fish) while other significant techniques were mainly drift nets (21%), longlines (11%) and gillnets (5%). Fish catches were composed with 55 fish species among which 16 species accounted for 90% of the annual catch. The average catch length of these first sixteen species was 295 mm, clearly demonstrating that fishing for fish was targeting large fish. The effects of the targeted shrimp exploitation resulted in a low fishing effort for fish leading to low fish landings and consequently to an under exploitation of fish resource in the Gambia estuary.

Une description chronologique du développement embryonnaire et larvaire du poisson-chat africain Heterobranchus longifilis (Clariidae) a été effectuée jusqu'à l'âge de 17 jours. Une comparaison avec le développement ontogénique d'un autre Clariidae, Clarias gariepinus, a été faite. Les deux espèces présentent de grandes similitudes dans leur développement et diffèrent surtout par la genèse de la nageoire dorsale, unique et allongée chez C. gariepinus, plus courte et suivie d'une grande nageoire adipeuse chez H. longifilis. Les limites inférieure et supérieure de tolérance thermique des œufs de H. longifilis ont été déterminées. Elles se situent entre 22 et 24 °C et entre 34 et 35 °C respectivement, aucune éclosion n'étant obtenue à 21 °C comme à 36 °C. L'optimum thermique pour lequel les pourcentages d'éclosion sont les plus élevés se situe entre 25 et 29 °C. Cet intervalle de température est donc recommandé pour l'incubation des œufs dans la pratique piscicole. La durée de l'incubation varie avec la température. L'éclosion des œufs se situe entre 26 à 33 heures et 14 à 18 heures après la fécondation pour des températures d'incubation de 25 et 33 °C respectivement.

The suitability of two commercial dry diets for rearing Coregonus lavaretus larvae was tested in a 58-day experiment. A diet of live zooplankton was used for comparison. The trials were conducted at water temperature of 12 °C in 800 l tanks, with a stocking density of 10 000-25 000 larvae per tank. Diets were evaluated by means of growth and liver histological analysis. Best growth was obtained with zooplankton, but one of the two dry diets (TetraWerke Az 20) also resulted in satisfactory gowth. Examination of liver structure using light and electron microscopy revealed no nutritional pathology for larvae fed with dry diet Az 20. Histological diagnosis presented evidence for a close association between hepatic protein synthesis and larval growth. From the data of the present study it can be concluded that a large-scale rearing of larvae of Coregonus lavaretus exclusively on dry food, is feasible.

Several studies have found that, since 1975 at least, the atoll lagoon of Takapoto exhibits high salinities and high planktonic chlorophyll concentrations. We used observations gathered in Takapoto and 23 other atoll lagoons between 1995 and 2000 to study the water renewal rate (determined by different approaches) of Takapoto relative to that of the other lagoons. This rate is controlled by reef rim aperture, which is abnormally low in Takapoto. Across this set of lagoons, average water residence time was correlated with salinity, and with two descriptors of water column biological properties, chlorophyll and dissolved organic matter contents. In parallel to these bulk quantitative variations, qualitative variations were found inside this trophy gradient, concerning the size of primary producers (proportion of cells > 2.7 μm) and the composition of seston (relative phosphorus content). Takapoto Lagoon fits into a gradient of water residence time that controls the overall trophic web organization.

Large differences in reproductive traits were observed between populations of Oreochromis niloticus sampled in 9 manmade lakes of Ivory Coast. In order to assess whether these variations in reproductive characteristics resulted from short term adaptation or from a longer evolutionary process, living specimens were caught in the two most differentiated populations in term of life history traits, and placed in a common environment in culture conditions. Genetic analysis of fish from these two populations were performed using four microsatellite markers and revealed that both descended originally from the same strain (Bouaké station) which was constituted from broodfish initially caught in the Nile and Volta basins. Fish from the two populations were subjected to a common environment (pond and aquariums) for five months. Then, their reproductive characteristics were analysed and no significant differences were found in fecundity, egg size and spawning frequency. These results indicate that reproductive differences between the two populations, originally observed in the two reservoirs, mostly reflect the phenotypic plasticity of the species in facing different environmental conditions.

An advection diffusion reaction model was used to estimate movement and tag attrition parameters from skipjack tuna tagging data off the Maldives. Two sets of data were available from the experiments carried out during two distinct periods: 1990–1991 and 1993–1995. The results of the analysis were compared with the previous analyses and discussed in relation to management of skipjack fisheries in the Maldives and in the Indian Ocean. The movements were found to be highly variable in space and time, and few consistent patterns were observed between the two data sets. Similarly, significantly different estimates of fishing and natural mortality rates were observed from the two data sets. These differences were found, in part, to be due to the uneven distribution of tag releases in both space and time. Estimates of movement and attrition rates show that emigration from the Maldivian fishery to the rest of the Indian Ocean’s was small. The exploitation rate was found to be substantial, contributing about 30-40% of the total attrition in the fishery area. Such levels of localized exploitation may be maintained by steady immigration from outside of the Maldives, but more extensive tagging is required to be certain. The impact of tuna fisheries elsewhere in the Indian Ocean on the domestic Maldivian fishery cannot be determined until a comprehensive large-scale tagging program, including all the fisheries in the Indian Ocean, is completed.

In order to elucidate the population structure of the deep-sea shrimp (Pandalus borealis) in the NE Atlantic, 32 subsamples and 3865 individuals were analysed for allozymic variation. They were caught at various locations in the Barents Sea, in waters off Svalbard, Jan Mayen and Iceland, and in fjords along the Norwegian coast. Only three enzymes (malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and glucosephosphate isomerase) of the 22 initially tested showed a combination of gel images that could be interpreted with confidence and allozymic variation. The locus coding for malate dehydrogenase was by far the most polymorphic. Samples caught within the Barents Sea and in the Svalbard area showed no significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies, supporting earlier suggestions of only one population of P. borealis in the Barents Sea. Genetic differentiation was found, however, between Norwegian fjords and the Barents Sea, and among fjords.

Excessive phosphorus (P) levels in freshwater aquaculture effluents are a majorenvironmental problem in certain receiving water bodies. This study aimed to test anapproach alternating that alternating feeding P deficient and P sufficient diets andmeasure P loading from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) culture. Threeexperimental practical diets consisting of P-deficient (0.4% P, P04), optimum level of P(0.6% P, P06) and P-sufficient as control diet (0.8% P, P08) were formulated. Sixdifferent feeding regimes of P-sufficient diet continuously (P08), P-deficient dietcontinuously (P04), optimum dietary level of P (P06) continuously, one weekP-deficient/one week optimum level of P diet (P04/P06.1), 2 weeks P-deficient/2 weeksoptimum level of P diet (P04/P06.2) and 4 weeks P-deficient/ 4 weeks optimum level of Pdiet (P04/P06.4) were tested. Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation level 16weeks. Fish fed all alternating regimes showed growth rate (weight and length) comparableto those of continuous feeding with P08 and P06 diet. The feed conversion ratios (FCR) forall alternating regimes were comparable to that of the P08 and P06 continuous feedingregime. Neither the thermal unit growth coefficient (TGC) nor condition factor (K)significantly influenced by feeding regimes. Vertebrae P, ash and whole body ash contentdid not differ among regimes. Except fish fed continuous P04 diet, the ash and P contentin opercula and whole body total P content were not significantly different among eachother in a continuous feeding and alternating feeding schedule.

Fish fed all alternating regimes showed significantly lower P consumption than those fedcontinuously fed with P08 and P06. Different feeding regimes had no effect P retention.Significantly higher P loading (solid and dissolved) was noted in fish fed continuouslywith P08 diet, in contrast P loading values were lower for all alternating feedingregimes. The study demonstrated that growth and tissue mineralization of fish maintainedon alternating feeding regimes with P04 and P06 diet were comparable to those continuouslyfed with diet of P08. These results demonstrate that it is possible to reduce P intake by34% and reduce P loading 52% by adopting alternating feeding regimes compared to P08 diet.This study provides evidence that alternating feeding of P deficient and optimum dietarylevels using practical ingredients can be adopted as a means of reducing P loading fromrainbow trout culture without compromising growth.