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6816 results in Condensed Matter Physics, Nanoscience and Mesoscopic Physics

Page 163 of 341

Photo-induced Defects in Semiconductors
  • David Redfield, Richard H. Bube
  • Published online:
    15 December 2009
    Print publication:
    26 January 1996
  • This is the first book to give a complete overview of the properties of deep-level, localized defects in semiconductors. Such comparatively long-lived (or metastable) defects exhibit complex interactions with the surrounding material, and can significantly affect the performance and stability of certain semiconductor devices. After an introductory discussion of metastable defects, the properties of DX and EL2 centres in III–V compounds are presented. Additional crystalline materials are also dealt with, before a detailed description is given of the properties and kinetics of photo-induced defects in amorphous semiconductors. The book closes with an examination of the effects of photo-induced defects in a range of practical applications. Throughout, unifying concepts and models are stressed, and the book will be of great use to graduate students and researchers interested in the physics and materials science of semiconductors.

Bose-Einstein Condensation
  • Edited by A. Griffin, D. W. Snoke, S. Stringari
  • Published online:
    15 December 2009
    Print publication:
    06 April 1995
  • This is the first book devoted to Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) as an interdisciplinary subject, covering atomic and molecular physics, laser physics, low temperature physics and astrophysics. It contains 18 authoritative review articles on experimental and theoretical research in BEC and associated phenomena. Bose–Einstein condensation is a phase transition in which a macroscopic number of particles all go into the same quantum state. It has been known for some time that this phenomenon gives rise to superfluidity in liquid helium but recent research has focused on the search for BEC in other condensed matter systems, such as excitons, spin-polarised hydrogen, laser-cooled atoms, high-temperature superconductors and subatomic matter. This unique book gives an in-depth report on progress in this field and suggests promising research topics for the future. It will be of interest to graduate students and research workers in condensed matter, low temperature, atomic and laser physics.

Optical Processes in Solids
  • Yutaka Toyozawa
  • Published online:
    10 December 2009
    Print publication:
    09 January 2003
  • A unifying element that links the apparently diverse phenomena observed in optical processes is the dielectric dispersion of matter. It describes the response of matter to incoming electromagnetic waves and charged particles, and thus predicts their behavior in the self-induced field of matter, known as polariton and polaron effects. The energies of phonon, exciton and plasmon, quanta of collective motions of charged particles constituting the matter, are also governed by dielectric dispersion. Since the latter is a functional of the former, one can derive useful relations for their self-consistency. Nonlinear response to laser light inclusive of multiphoton processes, and excitation of atomic inner shells by synchrotron radiation, are also described. Within the configuration coordinate model, photo-induced lattice relaxation and chemical reaction are described equally to both ground and relaxed excited states, to provide a novel and global perspective on structural phase transitions and the nature of interatomic bonds. This book was first published in 2003.

Microstructural Design of Fiber Composites
  • Tsu-Wei Chou
  • Published online:
    10 December 2009
    Print publication:
    16 April 1992
  • This book addresses the issue of designing the microstructure of fiber composite materials in order to obtain optimum performance. Besides the systematic treatment of conventional continuous and discontinuous fiber composites, the book also presents the state-of-the-art of the development of textile structural composites as well as the nonlinear elastic finite deformation theory of flexible composites. The author's experience during twenty years of research and teaching on composite materials is reflected in the broad spectrum of topics covered, including laminated composites, statistical strength theories of continuous fiber composites, short fiber composites, hybrid composites, two- and three-dimensional textile structural composites and flexible composites. This book provides the first comprehensive analysis and modeling of the thermo-mechanical behavior of fiber composites with these distinct microstructures. Overall, the inter-relationships among the processing, microstructures and properties of these materials are emphasized throughout the book. The book is intended as a text for graduate or advanced undergraduate students, but will also be an excellent reference for all materials scientists and engineers who are researching or working with these materials.

Crystal Field Handbook
  • Edited by D. J. Newman, Betty Ng
  • Published online:
    10 December 2009
    Print publication:
    21 September 2000
  • This book, first published in 2000, is based on the modern conceptual understanding of crystal fields. It provides readers with clear instructions and a set of computer programs for the phenomenological analysis of energy spectra of magnetic ions in solids. The text clarifies several issues that have historically produced confusion in this area, particularly the effects of covalency and ligand polarization on the energy spectra of magnetic ions. Readers are shown how to employ a hierarchy of parametrized models to extract as much information as possible from observed lanthanide and actinide spectra. This book of crystal field theory describes all of the available phenomenological models, together with the conceptual and computational tools necessary for their use. It will be of particular interest to graduate students and researchers working in the development of opto-electronic systems and magnetic materials.

Composite Fermions
  • Jainendra K. Jain
  • Published online:
    07 December 2009
    Print publication:
    29 March 2007
  • This book was first published in 2007. When electrons are confined to two dimensions, cooled to near absolute zero temperature, and subjected to a strong magnetic field, they form an exotic new collective state of matter. Investigations into this began with the observations of integral and fractional quantum Hall effects, which are among the most important discoveries in condensed matter physics. The fractional quantum Hall effect and a stream of other unexpected findings are explained by a new class of particles: composite fermions. This textbook is a self-contained, pedagogical introduction to the physics and experimental manifestations of composite fermions. Ideal for graduate students and academic researchers, it contains numerous exercises to reinforce the concepts presented. The topics covered include the integral and fractional quantum Hall effects, the composite-fermion Fermi sea, various kinds of excitations, the role of spin, edge state transport, electron solid, bilayer physics, fractional braiding statistics and fractional local charge.

The Jahn-Teller Effect
  • Isaac Bersuker
  • Published online:
    07 December 2009
    Print publication:
    06 March 2006
  • The Jahn-Teller effect is one of the most fascinating phenomena in modern physics and chemistry, providing a general approach to understanding the properties of molecules and crystals and their origins. The effect inspired one of the most important recent scientific discoveries, the concept of high-temperature superconductivity. This comprehensive volume presents the background of the theory and its main applications in physics and chemistry, along with more recent achievements. Full descriptions are presented alongside thorough references to original material. The 2006 book contains over 200 figures to aid visual explanation and avoids bulky mathematical deductions and overly technical language. It is intended for graduate students and academic researchers working in solid state physics, quantum chemistry, crystallography, spectroscopy, and materials science.

Rate Equations in Semiconductor Electronics
  • J. E. Carroll
  • Published online:
    04 December 2009
    Print publication:
    06 February 1986
  • This book presents a novel approach to the teaching of dynamic aspects of the operation of semiconductor and opto-electronic devices. Such dynamic aspects often determine the steady state conditions. Also, the dynamical operation of such devices is of increasing importance as modern methods of communicating data and information require electronic devices that switch electrical or optical signals at ever faster rates. The author discusses the rates at which electrons and holes can reach equilibrium, the rates at which transistors and diodes can switch, and the rates at which electrons and holes can interact with photons, and with protons. He also applies the rate equations in a unified way to models of light-emitting diodes, injection lasers and photodiodes. Finally, the author discusses more-advanced topics on the photon statistics of injection lasers, mode-locking and the application of rate equations and Maxwell's equations to opto-electronic devices.

Shock Compression of Condensed Materials
  • R. F. Trunin
  • Published online:
    03 December 2009
    Print publication:
    04 June 1998
  • This unique publication summarises fifty years of Russian research on shock compression of condensed matter using chemical and nuclear explosions. This information, and the equations of state derived from it, have important applications in physics, materials science and engineering. An introductory chapter describes the importance of Russian experiments in a global context. The second chapter describes the experimental devices used. Following chapters summarise the results of experiments on pure metals, metal alloys and compounds, minerals, rocks, organic solids and liquids. The book covers experiments with pressures ranging from 2.5 GPa to 1 TPa using chemical explosives in laboratory conditions and to 10 TPa in underground nuclear tests. Attention is given to theoretical aspects, experimental problems, and data analysis. The data in this book are quite unique as, with the cessation of large scale underground nuclear tests, it will be some time before similar pressures can be generated by alternative means. This book will be of interest to condensed matter physicists, material scientists, earth scientists and astrophysicists.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Relaxation
  • Brian Cowan
  • Published online:
    02 December 2009
    Print publication:
    17 April 1997
  • This book provides an introduction to the general principles of nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation, concentrating on simple models and their application. The concepts of relaxation and the time domain are particularly emphasised. Some relatively advanced topics are treated, but the approach is graduated and all points of potential difficulty are carefully explained. An introductory classical discussion of relaxation is followed by a quantum-mechanical treatment. Only when the the principles of relaxation are firmly established is the density operator approach introduced; and then its power becomes apparent. A selection of case studies is considered in depth, providing applications of the ideas developed in the text. There are a number of appendices, including one on random functions. This treatment of one of the most important experimental techniques in modern science will be of great value to final-year undergraduates, graduate students and researchers using nuclear magnetic resonance, particularly physicists, and especially those involved in the study of condensed matter physics.

Langmuir-Blodgett Films
  • An Introduction
  • Michael C. Petty
  • Published online:
    30 November 2009
    Print publication:
    23 February 1996
  • This book provides a multidisciplinary introduction to the subject of Langmuir–Blodgett films. These films are the focus of intense current worldwide interest, as the ability to deposit organic films of nanometre thicknesses has many implications in materials science, and in the development of new electronic and opto-electronic devices. Beginning with the application of simple thermodynamics to the common bulk phases of matter, the book outlines the nature of the phases associated with floating monolayer films. The Langmuir–Blodgett deposition process itself is described in some detail and contrasted with other thin film techniques. Monolayer-forming materials and the structural, electrical and optical properties of Langmuir–Blodgett films are discussed separately. Each chapter is comprehensive, easy to understand and generously illustrated. Appendices are provided for the reader wishing to delve deeper into the physics and chemistry background.

An Introduction to the Modeling of Neural Networks
  • Pierre Peretto
  • Published online:
    30 November 2009
    Print publication:
    29 October 1992
  • This text is a beginning graduate-level introduction to neural networks, focussing on current theoretical models, examining what these models can reveal about how the brain functions, and discussing the ramifications for psychology, artificial intelligence and the construction of a new generation of intelligent computers. The book is divided into four parts. The first part gives an account of the anatomy of the central nervous system, followed by a brief introduction to neurophysiology. The second part is devoted to the dynamics of neuronal states, and demonstrates how very simple models may stimulate associative memory. The third part of the book discusses models of learning, including detailed discussions on the limits of memory storage, methods of learning and their associated models, associativity, and error correction. The final part reviews possible applications of neural networks in artificial intelligence, expert systems, optimization problems, and the construction of actual neuronal supercomputers, with the potential for one-hundred-fold increase in speed over contemporary serial machines.

Physical and Non-Physical Methods of Solving Crystal Structures
  • Michael M. Woolfson, Fan Hai-Fu
  • Published online:
    24 November 2009
    Print publication:
    15 June 1995
  • Theoretical and experimental advances in the techniques available for solving crystal structures have led to the development of several powerful techniques for solving complex structures, including those of proteins. In this 1995 book, Michael Woolfson and Fan Hai-Fu describe all the available methods and how they are used. In addition to traditional methods such as the use of the Patterson function and isomorphous replacement, and the direct methods, the authors include methods that use anomalous scattering and observations from multiple-beam scattering. The fundamental physics and mathematical analyses are fully explained. Practical aspects of applying the methods are emphasised.

Polarons and Bipolarons in High-Tc Superconductors and Related Materials
  • Edited by E. K. H. Salje, A. S. Alexandrov, W. Y. Liang
  • Published online:
    24 November 2009
    Print publication:
    07 September 1995
  • This book is the first to give a comprehensive view on the polaron and bipolaron theory of high-temperature superconductivity, one of the most significant discoveries in physics in the past decade. With the discovery of high-temperature superconductors, research into polarons and bipolarons has attracted much attention. They have also been observed previously in magnetic semiconductors and transition metal oxides. The thorough investigation of these non-superconducting materials has contributed greatly to the basic understanding of the physical properties of both polarons and bipolarons. This book will be of great interest to researchers in condensed matter physics, and especially those working in the field of superconductivity.

Optical Effects of Ion Implantation
  • P. D. Townsend, P. J. Chandler, L. Zhang
  • Published online:
    23 November 2009
    Print publication:
    23 June 1994
  • This book is the first to give a detailed description of the factors and processes which govern the optical properties of ion implanted materials, as well as an overview of the variety of devices which can be produced in this way. Beginning with an overview of the basic physics and practical methods involved in ion implantation, the topics of optical absorption and luminescence are then discussed. A chapter on waveguide analysis then provides the background for a description of particular optical devices, such as waveguide lasers, mirrors, and novel non-linear materials. The book concludes with a survey of the exciting range of potential applications. Combining both theoretical and practical aspects of the subject, the book will be invaluable to graduate students, scientists and engineers in the fields of solid state physics, quantum electronics and materials science.

Photoemission Studies of High-Temperature Superconductors
  • David W. Lynch, Clifford G. Olson
  • Published online:
    23 November 2009
    Print publication:
    28 May 1999
  • This book describes the status of photoelectron spectroscopic techniques, both theoretical and experimental, that have been applied to the study of the cuprate ('high-temperature') superconductors, together with the results derived from such measurements. The techniques described include angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of valence electrons, core level spectra (XPS), and some special variations, such as resonance photoemission. Attention is paid to the difficulties in interpretation of such spectra and to the problems in obtaining good sample surfaces and high resolution. Some comparison with results from other experimental techniques is made. The authors also outline expected future developments in the techniques. This book will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in physics, chemistry and materials science with an interest in high temperature superconductors.

Mineralogical Applications of Crystal Field Theory
  • 2nd edition
  • Roger G. Burns
  • Published online:
    23 November 2009
    Print publication:
    16 September 1993
  • The second edition of this classic book provides an updated look at crystal field theory - one of the simplest models of chemical bonding - and its applications. Crystal field theory provides a link between the visible region spectra and thermodynamic properties of numerous rock-forming minerals and gems that contain the elements iron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel or copper. These elements are major constituents of terrestrial planets and significantly influence their geochemical and geophysical properties. A unique perspective of the second edition is that it highlights the properties of minerals that make them compounds of interest to solid-state chemists and physicists as well as to all earth and planetary scientists. This book will be useful as a textbook for advanced students as well as a valuable reference work for all research workers interested in this subject.

Molecular Organic Materials
  • From Molecules to Crystalline Solids
  • Jordi Fraxedas
  • Published online:
    23 November 2009
    Print publication:
    27 April 2006
  • The interest in molecular organic materials is tremendous, driven by the need to find new materials with desirable properties. This book aims to bring the materials and surface science communities together, integrating physics and chemistry in a non-technical manner, ensuring this fascinating field can be understood by a multi disciplinary audience. Starting with basic physical concepts and synthetic techniques, the book describes how molecules assemble into highly ordered structures as single crystals and thin films, with examples of characterization, morphology and properties. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of surfaces and interfaces. The final chapter gives a personal view on future possibilities in the field. Written for beginners and experienced chemists, physicists and material scientists, this will be a useful introduction to the field of molecular organic materials.

Macromolecular Crystallography with Synchrotron Radiation
  • John R. Helliwell
  • Published online:
    23 November 2009
    Print publication:
    21 May 1992
  • This highly illustrated monograph provides a comprehensive study of the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids and viruses using synchrotron radiation and crystallography. Synchrotron radiation is intense, polychromatic and finely collimated, and is highly effective for probing the structure of macromolecules. This is a fast-expanding field, and this timely monograph gives a complete introduction to the technique and its uses. Beginning with chapters on the fundamentals of macromolecular crystallography and macromolecular structure, the book goes on to review the sources and properties of synchrotron radiation, instrumentation and data collection. There are chapters on the Laue method, on diffuse X-ray scattering and on variable wavelength dispersion methods. The book concludes with a description and survey of applications including studies at high resolution, the use of small crystals, the study of large unit cells, and time-resolved crystallography (particularly of enzymes). Appendices are provided which present essential information for the synchrotron user as well as information about synchrotron facilities currently available. A detailed bibliography and reference section completes the volume. Many tables, diagrams and photographs are included.

A Guide to Monte Carlo Simulations in Statistical Physics
  • 2nd edition
  • David P. Landau, Kurt Binder
  • Published online:
    21 November 2009
    Print publication:
    01 September 2005
  • This new and updated edition deals with all aspects of Monte Carlo simulation of complex physical systems encountered in condensed-matter physics, statistical mechanics, and related fields. After briefly recalling essential background in statistical mechanics and probability theory, it gives a succinct overview of simple sampling methods. The concepts behind the simulation algorithms are explained comprehensively, as are the techniques for efficient evaluation of system configurations generated by simulation. It contains many applications, examples, and exercises to help the reader and provides many new references to more specialized literature. This edition includes a brief overview of other methods of computer simulation and an outlook for the use of Monte Carlo simulations in disciplines beyond physics. This is an excellent guide for graduate students and researchers who use computer simulations in their research. It can be used as a textbook for graduate courses on computer simulations in physics and related disciplines.

Page 163 of 341