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6816 results in Condensed Matter Physics, Nanoscience and Mesoscopic Physics

Page 164 of 341

Introduction to the Electron Theory of Metals
  • Uichiro Mizutani
  • Published online:
    20 November 2009
    Print publication:
    14 June 2001
  • The electron theory of metals describes how electrons are responsible for the bonding of metals and subsequent physical, chemical and transport properties. This textbook gives a complete account of electron theory in both periodic and non-periodic metallic systems. The author presents an accessible approach to the theory of electrons, comparing it with experimental results as much as possible. The book starts with the basics of one-electron band theory and progresses to cover topics such as high Tc superconductors and quasicrystals. The relationship between theory and potential applications is also emphasized. The material presented assumes some knowledge of elementary quantum mechanics as well as the principles of classical mechanics and electromagnetism. This textbook will be of interest to advanced undergraduates and graduate students in physics, chemistry, materials science and electrical engineering. The book contains numerous exercises and an extensive list of references and numerical data.

Group Theoretical Methods and Applications to Molecules and Crystals
  • Shoon K. Kim
  • Published online:
    12 November 2009
    Print publication:
    24 June 1999
  • This book explains the basic aspects of symmetry groups as applied to problems in physics and chemistry using an approach pioneered and developed by the author. The symmetry groups and their representations are worked out explicitly, eliminating the undue abstract nature of group theoretical methods. The author has systemized the wealth of knowledge on symmetry groups that has accumulated in the century since Fedrov discovered the 230 space groups. All space groups, unitary as well as antiunitary, are reconstructed based on the algebraic defining relations of the point groups. This work will be of great interest to graduate students and professionals in solid state physics, chemistry, mathematics, geology and those who are interested in magnetic crystal structures.

Hydrodynamics and Nonlinear Instabilities
  • Edited by Claude Godrèche, Paul Manneville
  • Published online:
    04 November 2009
    Print publication:
    16 April 1998
  • This book presents five sets of pedagogical lectures by internationally respected researchers on nonlinear instabilities and the transition to turbulence in hydrodynamics. The book begins with a general introduction to hydrodynamics covering fluid properties, flow measurement, dimensional analysis and turbulence. Chapter two reviews the special characteristics of instabilities in open flows. Chapter three presents mathematical tools for multiscale analysis and asymptotic matching applied to the dynamics of fronts and localized nonlinear states. Chapter four gives a detailed review of pattern forming instabilities. The final chapter provides a detailed and comprehensive introduction to the instability of flames, shocks and detonations. Together, these lectures provide a thought-provoking overview of current research in this important area.

Atom-Probe Field Ion Microscopy
  • Field Ion Emission, and Surfaces and Interfaces at Atomic Resolution
  • Tien T. Tsong
  • Published online:
    30 October 2009
    Print publication:
    30 August 1990
  • Atom-probe field ion microscopy is currently the only technique capable of imaging solid surfaces with atomic resolution, and at the same time of chemically analysing surface atoms selected by the observer from the field ion image. Field ion microscopy has been successfully used to study most metals and many alloys, and recently good field ion images of some semiconductors and even ceramic materials such as high temperature superconductors have been obtained. Although other microscopies are capable of achieving the same resolution, there are some experiments unique to field ion microscopy - for example the study of the behaviour of single atoms and clusters on a solid surface. The elegant development of the field ion microscope with the atom probe has provided a powerful and useful technique for highly sensitive chemical analysis. This book presents the basic principles of atom-probe field ion microscopy and illustrates the various capabilities of the technique in the study of solid surfaces and interfaces at atomic resolution. A useful comparison is given with two related techniques, electron microscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy. The book will be of interest to scientists working on surfaces and interfaces of materials at the atomic level and will provide a useful reference for those using this technique.

The Science of Polymer Molecules
  • Richard H. Boyd, Paul J. Phillips
  • Published online:
    29 October 2009
    Print publication:
    09 December 1993
  • This book is an introduction to polymers and focuses on the synthesis, structure and properties of the individual molecules that constitute polymeric materials. It approaches polymeric materials from a molecular basis on the belief that there is a common core of knowledge and principles concerning polymer molecules that can be set out in an introductory work. Subjects treated include an introductory overview of synthesis, an introduction of the concept and definition of molecular weight and its distribution, experimental methods for measuring molecular weight, a more detailed view of polymerization including kinetics and mechanism, and the three-dimensional architecture of polymers as determined by conformation and stereochemistry. The statistical description of the conformational disorder of the molecules is covered and then built upon in treating rubber elasticity and polymer solutions.

Introduction to Surface and Superlattice Excitations
  • Michael G. Cottam, David R. Tilley
  • Published online:
    28 October 2009
    Print publication:
    06 April 1989
  • An introduction to the properties of wavelike excitations associated with surfaces and interfaces. The emphasis is on acoustic, optic, and magnetic excitations, and, apart from one section on liquid surfaces, the text concentrates on solids. The important topic of superlattices is also discussed, in which the different kinds of excitation are considered from a unified point of view.

Cellular Automata Modeling of Physical Systems
  • Bastien Chopard, Michel Droz
  • Published online:
    26 October 2009
    Print publication:
    10 December 1998
  • This book provides a self-contained introduction to cellular automata and lattice Boltzmann techniques. Beginning with a chapter introducing the basic concepts of this developing field, a second chapter describes methods used in cellular automata modeling. Following chapters discuss the statistical mechanics of lattice gases, diffusion phenomena, reaction-diffusion processes and non-equilibrium phase transitions. A final chapter looks at other models and applications, such as wave propagation and multiparticle fluids. With a pedagogic approach, the volume focuses on the use of cellular automata in the framework of equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical physics. It also emphasises application-oriented problems such as fluid dynamics and pattern formation. The book contains many examples and problems. A glossary and a detailed bibliography are also included. This will be a valuable book for graduate students and researchers working in statistical physics, solid state physics, chemical physics and computer science.

Thermodynamics of One-Dimensional Solvable Models
  • Minoru Takahashi
  • Published online:
    23 October 2009
    Print publication:
    28 March 1999
  • Exactly solvable models are very important in physics. They are important not just from a theoretical point of view but also from the experimentalist's perspective because in such cases theoretical results and experimental results can be compared without ambiguity. This 1999 book is about an important class of exactly solvable models in physics. The subject area is the Bethe-ansatz approach for a number of one-dimensional models, and the setting up of equations within this approach to determine the thermodynamics of these systems. It is a topic that crosses the boundaries between condensed matter physics, mathematics and field theory. The derivation and application of thermodynamic Bethe-ansatz equations for one-dimensional models are explained in detail. This technique is indispensable for physicists studying the low-temperature properties of one-dimensional substances. This book, written by one of the top physicists in this field, and the originator of much of the work in the subject, will be of great interest to theoretical condensed matter physicists.

Nonequilibrium Quantum Field Theory
  • Esteban A. Calzetta, Bei-Lok B. Hu
  • Published online:
    23 October 2009
    Print publication:
    24 July 2008
  • Bringing together the key ideas from nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and powerful methodology from quantum field theory, this book captures the essence of nonequilibrium quantum field theory. Beginning with the foundational aspects of the theory, the book presents important concepts and useful techniques, discusses issues of basic interest, and shows how thermal field, linear response, kinetic theories and hydrodynamics emerge. It also illustrates how these concepts and methodology are applied to current research topics including nonequilibrium phase transitions, thermalization in relativistic heavy ion collisions, the nonequilibrium dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensation, and the generation of structures from quantum fluctuations in the early Universe. Divided into five parts, with each part addressing a particular stage in the conceptual and technical development of the subject, this self-contained book is a valuable reference for graduate students and researchers in particle physics, gravitation, cosmology, atomic-optical and condensed matter physics.

Microhardness of Polymers
  • F. J. Baltá Calleja, S. Fakirov
  • Published online:
    23 October 2009
    Print publication:
    26 October 2000
  • This book, first published in 2000, deals with the micromechanical characterization of polymer materials. Particular attention is given to microhardness as a technique capable of detecting a variety of morphological and textural changes in polymers. A comprehensive introduction to the microhardness of polymers is provided, including descriptions of the various testing methods in materials science and engineering. The book also includes the micromechanical study of glassy polymers and discusses the relevant aspects of microhardness of semicrystalline polymers. The volume also presents selected application examples of the microhardness technique for the characterization of polymeric materials, including the influence of polymer processing, the use in weathering tests, the characterization of modified polymer surfaces, and others. This book will be of use to graduate-level materials science students, as well as research workers in materials science, mechanical engineering and physics departments interested in the microindentation hardness of polymer materials.

Introductory Muon Science
  • Kanetada Nagamine
  • Published online:
    22 October 2009
    Print publication:
    16 October 2003
  • Muons are unstable elementary particles that are found in space, which can also be produced in particle accelerators to an intensity a billion times greater than that occurring naturally. This book describes the various applications of muons across the spectrum of the sciences and engineering. Scientific research using muons relies both on their basic properties as well as the microscopic interaction between them and surrounding particles such as nuclei, electrons, atoms and molecules. Examples of research that can be carried out using muons include muon catalysis for nuclear fusion, the application of muon spin probes to study microscopic magnetic properties of advanced materials, electron labelling to help in the understanding of electron transfer in proteins, and non-destructive element analysis of the human body. Cosmic ray muons can also be used to study the inner structure of volcanoes.

Random Fields and Spin Glasses
  • A Field Theory Approach
  • Cirano De Dominicis, Irene Giardina
  • Published online:
    21 October 2009
    Print publication:
    26 October 2006
  • Disordered magnetic systems enjoy non-trivial properties which are different and richer than those observed in their pure, non-disordered counterparts. These properties dramatically affect the thermodynamic behaviour and require specific theoretical treatment. This book deals with the theory of magnetic systems in the presence of frozen disorder, in particular paradigmatic and well-known spin models such as the Random Field Ising Model and the Ising Spin Glass. This is a unified presentation using a field theory language which covers mean field theory, dynamics and perturbation expansion within the same theoretical framework. Particular emphasis is given to the connections between different approaches such as statics vs. dynamics, microscopic vs. phenomenological models. The book introduces some useful and little-known techniques in statistical mechanics and field theory. This book will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in statistical physics and basic field theory.

Why Things Are the Way They Are
  • B. S. Chandrasekhar
  • Published online:
    20 October 2009
    Print publication:
    16 October 1997
  • This fascinating book explains why materials behave as they do. In a completely non-technical style, using only basic arithmetic, the author explains how the properties of materials result from the way they are composed of atoms and why they have the properties they do: for example, why copper and rubies are coloured, why metals conduct heat better than glass, why magnets attract iron nails but not brass pins, and how superconductors can conduct electricity without resistance. The book is intended for general readers, and uses mainly words, pictures and analogies, with only a minimum of very simple mathematics. The author explains how it is possible to understand the basic properties of matter, and translates the technical jargon of physics into a language that can be understood by anyone with an interest in science who wants to know why the world around us behaves in the way that it does.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Solid Polymers
  • Vincent J. McBrierty, Kenneth J. Packer
  • Published online:
    19 October 2009
    Print publication:
    14 October 1993
  • This book is an authoritative and comprehensive account of the principles and practice of NMR spectroscopy of solids as applied to polymeric materials to determine their structure and dynamics at a molecular level. NMR spectroscopy has been applied to the characterization of polymers in solid state for over 40 years. The past few decades have seen the development of many new NMR capabilities, including high-resolution techniques for solids, multi-dimensional methods, deuterium NMR and others. All of these developments have contributed to a dramatic increase in the power and applicability of NMR for the characterization, at a molecular level, of the dynamics and structural organization of polymeric solids. The applications chapters emphasize the polymer types and properties. The authors have included an introduction to all the main principles of the technique involved in its application to solid polymers. Rigorous and detailed analytical treatment of all main areas is also available.

Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling of the Magnetic Moment
  • Eugene M. Chudnovsky, Javier Tejada
  • Published online:
    16 October 2009
    Print publication:
    28 August 1998
  • This is the first book presenting a coherent theoretical and experimental treatment of the rapidly developing field of macroscopic quantum tunneling of the magnetic moment. The theory is based on the concept of the magnetic instanton and its renormalization by the dissipative environment. The book includes discussions of the tunneling of magnetic moment in small ferromagnetic grains, tunneling of the Ne'el vector in antiferromagnetic grains, quantum nucleation of magnetic domains, and quantum depinning of domain walls. The experimental part collects the majority of recent data that are, or may be, relevant to spin tunneling. Among the topics described are low temperature magnetic relaxation and its interpretation in various systems, experiments on single particles and mesoscopic wires, and resonant spin tunneling in molecular magnets. This study of an important new field in condensed matter physics by two leading contributors to the subject will be of interest to theorists and experimentalists alike.

Mössbauer Spectroscopy
  • Edited by Dominic P. E. Dickson, Frank J. Berry
  • Published online:
    15 October 2009
    Print publication:
    11 December 1986
  • This book provides an assessment of the unique contribution Mössbauer spectroscopy can make to the study of the bonding, structural, magnetic, dynamical and time-dependent properties of various systems. It comprises an edited collection of chapters by an international body of distinguished scientists writing on their individual areas of specialisation. The editors and authors aim to give the reader an in-depth understanding of the technique of Mössbauer spectroscopy in terms of the types of information it can provide, together with an appreciation of how this information can be related to that obtained from complementary techniques. This book will be of value to postgraduate students and research workers with no previous knowledge of the technique, but also to those experienced in the use of Mössbauer spectroscopy in a particular area wishing to gain either a wider overview of the technique or information about its use in another area.

Superplasticity in Metals and Ceramics
  • T. G. Nieh, J. Wadsworth, O. D. Sherby
  • Published online:
    15 October 2009
    Print publication:
    23 January 1997
  • This 1997 book describes advances in the field of superplasticity. This is the ability of certain materials to undergo very large tensile strains, a phenomenon that has increasing commercial applications, but also presents a fascinating scientific challenge in attempts to understand the physical mechanisms that underpin it. The authors emphasise the materials aspects of superplasticity. They begin with a brief history of the phenomenon. This is followed by a description of the two major types of superplasticity - fine-structure and internal-stress superplasticity - together with a discussion of their operative mechanisms. In addition, microstructural factors controlling the ductility and fracture in superplastic materials are presented. The observations of superplasticity in metals (including aluminium, magnesium, iron, titanium and nickel), ceramics (including monoliths and composites), intermetallics (including iron, nickel, and titanium base), and laminates are thoroughly described. The technological and commercial applications of superplastic forming and diffusion bonding are presented and examples given.

Atomic and Ion Collisions in Solids and at Surfaces
  • Theory, Simulation and Applications
  • Edited by Roger Smith
  • Published online:
    13 October 2009
    Print publication:
    13 January 1997
  • This 1997 book is an introduction to the application of computer simulation and theory in the study of the interaction of energetic particles (< 1 eV to the MeV range) with solid surfaces. The authors describe methods which are applicable both to hard collisions between nuclear cores of atoms down to soft interactions, where chemical effects or long-range forces dominate. In surface science, potential applications include surface atomic structure determination using ion scattering spectroscopy or element analysis using SIMS or other techniques that involve depth profiling. Industrial applications include optical or hard coating deposition, ion implantation in semiconductor device manufacture or nanotechnology. Plasma-sidewall interaction in fusion devices may also be studied using the techniques described. This book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers, both academic and industrial, in surface science, semiconductor engineering, thin-film deposition and particle-surface interactions, in departments of physics, chemistry and electrical engineering.

Fibrous Materials
  • Krishan Kumar Chawla
  • Published online:
    13 October 2009
    Print publication:
    22 January 1998
  • This book is about the processing, microstructure and properties of materials in fibrous form. The range of fibrous materials covered spans natural polymeric fibres such as silk, synthetic polymeric fibres such as aramid and polyethylene, metallic fibres such as steel and tungsten, and ceramic fibres such as alumina and silicon carbide. The author explains the fundamentals in a clear and concise manner and describes important advances in the production and control of microstructure in high stiffness and high strength fibres. The text contains large numbers of diagrams and micrographs to bring home to the reader the important principles and concepts. The book will be of value to senior undergraduates, beginning graduate students and researchers in the fields of materials science and engineering, metallurgy, ceramics, textile physics and engineering, mechanical engineering and chemical engineering.

Phonons in Nanostructures
  • Michael A. Stroscio, Mitra Dutta
  • Published online:
    09 October 2009
    Print publication:
    23 August 2001
  • This book focuses on the theory of phonon interactions in nanoscale structures with particular emphasis on modern electronic and optoelectronic devices. The continuing progress in the fabrication of semiconductor nanostructures with lower dimensional features has led to devices with enhanced functionality and even novel devices with new operating principles. The critical role of phonon effects in such semiconductor devices is well known. There is therefore a great need for a greater awareness and understanding of confined phonon effects. A key goal of this book is to describe tractable models of confined phonons and how these are applied to calculations of basic properties and phenomena of semiconductor heterostructures. The level of presentation is appropriate for undergraduate and graduate students in physics and engineering with some background in quantum mechanics and solid state physics or devices. A basic understanding of electromagnetism and classical acoustics is assumed.

Page 164 of 341