This chapter looks at two complex applications of operational amplifiers, the PID (Proportional, Integral, Derivative) control loop and the Lock-in Amplifier. Each application could a fill chapter in itself and we don’t expect you to get through the notes and labs in a single session.

Are we pushing the breathless pace of this course too far in proposing to dispose of Field Effect Transistors (FETs) in a day? We gave more time to bipolar transistors, and much more to operational amplifiers.

Article VIII of the Genocide Convention contemplates the role of organs of the United Nations in the implementation and enforcement of the Convention. There are many examples of States raising charges of genocide before the General Assembly and the Security Council. However, these bodies have onlyr rarely agreed to characterize acts as genocidal. In 1994, very controversially the Security Council resisted describing the unfolding genocide in Rwanda by its proper name. In 2004 the Secretary General established the position of Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide. Genocide, including the scope fo the Convention, has also been considered by the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and the Protection of Minorities, the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on apartheid, the Commission on Human Rights and the Human Rights Council.

This chapter focuses on the dramatic festivals held from the Hellenistic to the Roman period. My discussion is chronologically arranged into two main parts, one covering the Hellenistic period and the other the Roman period. Each section follows the same arrangement: after reviewing various sources for actors’ activities and dramatic festivals, I consider both the premieres and post-premiere performances recorded. Although festival catalogues regularly attest to the performance of both ‘new’ and the ‘old’ tragedies, they name the plays staged only rarely. Other types of records, however, allow us to identify the plays that formed the repertoire of later actors. While the performance reception of newly composed dramas remains elusive, especially after the Early Hellenistic period, ancient theatres did continue to host tragedies that premiered in the fifth and fourth centuries, and Euripides’ plays are prominent among them. Actors ensured their survival among the larger public, and their performances helped create a shared cultural heritage.

Chapter 5 explores James’s interest in the relationship between the bicycle and authorial publicity through a close reading of his tale about two cycling journalists, ‘The Papers’. During the 1890s, the bicycle’s fashionable status and prominent appearance in debates about female exhibitionism associated it with questions about the role of the press and the public figure. Due to its potential for physical comedy, cycling also features in what I call the literatures of exposure: the detective story, romantic comedy, and the illustrated newspaper. As I argue, the bicycle’s attachment to the physical ‘figure’ makes it a troubling metaphoric resource in ‘The Papers’, which satirizes the celebrity’s ‘eagerness to figure’ by drawing attention to the authorial work of ‘figuring’ in which the journalists are constantly engaged, and to the creation of the author as a public figure. This chapter also glances at how later writers have employed the bicycle to speculate about Henry James himself. Hemingway’s euphemistic reference to ‘Henry’s bicycle’ in The Sun Also Rises – an allusion to James’s rumoured castration – is one of several portrayals of the author as a cyclist, which draw upon the bicycle’s connotations with exposure to trope James’s aversion to publicity.

Judicial actions in the courtroom remain for the most part off the record and hard to discern. Moreover, judicial settlement practices in the United States, for example, can take place in judicial chambers, far from the public eye. Thus there is a need for physical presence of researchers in public hearings to understand what judges do today in the age of vanishing trials. Researchers of this study entered courts in London, Florence, and Tel-Aviv. The various judicial conflict resolution practices that emerged in Israel’s most active first-instance court, in Tel-Aviv, provide a new perspective on power in the courtroom, identifying new forms of legitimation and justice developed by judges as they perform their settlement-promoting roles. In addition, we discuss an alternative model, found in the Florence Court, where judges were only recently permitted to use settlement practices. There the judges are supported by interns who screen cases before trial to examine whether they may be appropriate for mediation. In court, judges may offer mediation to the parties and explain their reasoning for doing so but will usually not try to settle the cases themselves. Lastly, we showcase intervention styles that offer new visions for the judicial role.