The book’s final chapter discusses the questions of the role wilderness mythologies played in important changes of ancient religions and of the roles of wilderness mythologies overall. It argues that wilderness mythologies stimulated new forms of religious identity formation, critique of the cultural and social order, ideals of radical religion and intense emotion, and supported individualising and interiorising tendencies in ancient religions. Further, it suggests that wilderness narratives play a part in forming human relationships with the living world, as they deal with the uncontrollability and opacity of nature and that these are aspects important for human thriving; and that wilderness mythologies stimulate fascination, awe, and wonder of nature and play a role in training human senses and experiences towards wild resonance experiences.

Farming has modified the natural dynamic of soil erosion/redistribution in significant parts of landscapes, triggering high rates of soil loss and accelerating sediment connectivity. This chapter provides a review of sediment connectivity in grassland, herbaceous and woody crops from knowledge to management. The first section explores the extension of farmland at a global scale and the process of agricultural land expansion. Regarding herbaceous crops, the second section highlights the importance of cropping intensity (one or two crops per year), water supply (rainfed or irrigated), and crop rotation on the sediment-connectivity magnitude. In the section of woody crops, studies done in vineyards, olive groves and citrus orchards describe the processes of sediment connectivity with and without soil conservation practices (e.g., cover crops). The section of sediment connectivity in grasslands includes examples in alpine hillsides, valley bottom and lakes, emphasizing their role as sediment-trapping features. The last section deals with sediment dis-connectivity in farmland due to soil erosion control practices and governmental programs, with examples from Europe and China.

In this text, James deals with the question of whether the will moves itself. In order to examine this question, he thinks it necessary to first develop a theory of the soul’s powers in general. At the heart of this general theory is a (then) unorthodox view about the granularity of the powers of the soul. James thinks that there are, in addition to our generic powers to think and see, a myriad of fine-grained powers in the soul, such as the power to think about cathood or the power to see red. James does not venture to say just how fine-grained these powers are, claiming that only God knows this. Drawing on terminology due to Simplicius, he calls a generic or coarse-grained power of the soul a “general aptitude” (idoneitas generalis), while he calls a fine-grained power a “special aptitude” (idoneitas specialis). James also argues in this text that an aptitude, whether general or special, is an “incomplete act”. By characterizing a power as an incomplete act, James is claiming that it is an incomplete version of the operation that it can bring about. So, for example, Socrates’ aptitude to think about cathood is an imperfect version of his act of thinking about cathood.

In this chapter we review the qualitative difference between explicit knowledge and implicit knowledge (underlying mental representation). The chapter focuses on whether instruction affects the latter. We review the accepted finding that instruction does not affect ordered development. We also review the issue of whether instruction affects rate of development and ultimate attainment. We review important variables in the research on instructed acquisition including type of knowledge measured, the nature of assessments used in the research, and short-term vs. long-term studies, among others.

This chapter examines a US Central American experience at the end of the long nineteenth century, as reflected in Centro America, a newspaper established by the Comité Unionista Centroamericano de San Francisco in support of the final, formal effort to establish an isthmian nation in 1921. A rare literary text, Centro America provides a cultural account of the complexities and contradictions that shaped the transnational lives of an early Central American diaspora in the US. The weekly paper published unionist essays, the latest local and global news, literary reviews, poems, society columns, and passenger arrival and departure notices that catered to an audience composed of primarily Central American coffee and other elites. However, Centro America also published a letter written by Abel Romero, a Salvadoran, working-class machinist, urging the paper to speak out against El Salvador’s authoritarian government. By allowing different forms of writing to cohabitate, a complex imaginative space emerges in the paper wherein clashing political and class interests create conflict among Central American communities. Print culture, I contend, visibilizes ruptures that emerged in Centro America when elites were confronted by the economic precarity that burdened their countrymen in San Francisco, from whom they asked and largely received unionist support.

This chapter deals with the pursuit of public interests in the context of privatisation and sales of public property. It identifies the various interests involved and sets out the relevant EU legal framework for this domain. On the basis of this, the chapter addresses the question of whether the sale should be carried out through competitive tendering, given that it might be possible to apply alternative – and still legitimate – systems to achieve the sale. In answering this question, the chapter assumes that State aid rules identify the market economy operator principle as the cornerstone around which the allocation procedure must revolve. Hence, the question from an EU law viewpoint becomes: does competitive tendering only ensure compliance with the market economy vendor principle (MEVP) test or are there other methods to achieve the same result? On the basis of the outcome of the analysis, the chapter assesses which public interests can be pursued and which transaction system better pursues which type of public interest.

This chapter deals with the relationship between EU law and national rules on limited rights. It focusses on services of general interest (SGIs), given that limited rights play an important role in national policies guaranteeing the provision of SGIs. The central question is which discretion the Member States have when granting limited rights in order to ensure access for all to SGIs under EU internal market and competition law. Are the choices they have to make dictated by EU law or may observations of national law play a considerable role? This chapter starts with discussing which SGI fall within the scope of the EU internal market and competition rules. Then, it examines which obligations are imposed by these rules on the Member States. Subsequently, it explores to what extent the Member States may derogate from these obligations. Attention is paid to, for example, the transparency principle.

Karen Bauer offers a comprehensive review of the Islamic moral framework as outlined in the Qur’an, situating Islamic gender norms within this context. The chapter demonstrates how these norms support a hierarchical structure that also emphasizes fairness.

Since manipulation is a relation involving power over another, it is alleged that it necessarily manifests disrespect toward persons. The analysis in the chapter explores this claim and rejects it. The following broad arguments are advanced: (1) The essence of manipulation is treating others as if they are machines (mechanification); it is therefore natural to examine whether manipulation manifests the same disrespect involved in objectification. The analysis rejects this possibility. (2) The dichotomy between “respectful influence through rational persuasion” and “disrespectful influence via (soft) power” is deconstructed. It is important to treat others “as rational,” but this can involve various elements of soft power, and thus manipulation need not be disrespectful. (3) Even “treating as rational” is not necessary for respect – there are other modes of interaction and influence which manipulations can exhibit that are not disrespectful. Play is analyzed in this regard. (4) Manipulation is often essential for promoting respect for persons through politeness and shielding privacy. The chapter ends by considering the virtuous person as regards the use of manipulation.