A new dalmanitid trilobite is described from the early Silurian (Telychian) Waukesha Biota in Wisconsin, USA, best known for its variety of exceptionally preserved arthropods. Waukeshaaspis eatonae new genus new species is the most common trilobite found in the Waukesha Biota, numbering ~200 specimens, allowing a thorough description of the dorsal exoskeleton. This new taxon has a combination of characters unique to the Dalmanitidae, including a distinct embayment on the posterior margin of the pygidium. Embayments are rare for dalmanitids, most species having instead a caudal spine. The lengthening of the genal spines might have served a similar function to that which a caudal spine would have served, allowing the embayment to fulfill a different function, related to keeping an opening when enrolled. The abundance at the preservation site suggests physiological tolerance at the habitation site.

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The ontogeny of two species of corynexochid trilobites from the middle Cambrian Mount Cap Formation of the eastern Mackenzie Mountains, northern Canada, is documented. Sahtuia carcajouensis (Dolichometopidae) and Mackenzieaspis parallelispinosa (Zacanthoididae) are both endemic to this formation and only known from one locality. They, along with several other corynexochid taxa, occur in a succession of mudstone with scattered carbonate interbeds, deposited in a weakly storm-agitated setting near the flank of a semi-enclosed basin. The ontogeny of both species is characterized by mainly normal cranidial development, but a unique distribution of segments in their thoraxes and pygidia. The number of trunk segments was typical for their respective families, whereas the final number of segments released into the thorax was reduced. This occurred in both species through timing modifications to segment release, indicating heterochrony. Sahtuia carcajouensis and Mackenzieaspis parallelispinosa are likely derived from two separate clades, and heterochrony probably arose separately but synchronously. The endemicity of both species probably reflects unique paleoecological conditions in this part of the basin. Preliminary results indicate that the fossil-bearing mudstone was deposited under well-oxygenated conditions that underwent high nutrient flux and possibly experienced varying salinity. These factors may have affected the organisms’ physiology, or perhaps provoked an adaptation to achieve early maturation.

Harpetid and trinucleid trilobites share a similar and unusual morphology, the most striking feature of which is a wide, flattened cephalic brim with many pits or holes. This similarity was once interpreted as a sign that these two groups of trilobites were closely related, but in recent years it has instead been assumed that the ‘harpiform’ brim arose in both groups independently. However, relatedness and similarity can be difficult to disentangle in fossil taxa without close living relatives, and this assumption about the harpiform brim has never been explicitly tested. Our study re-evaluates the relationship between Harpetida and Trinucleioidea in order to test a longstanding assumption about trilobite relationships and as a case study in evaluating different kinds of morphological similarity in extinct groups. We inferred a new phylogenetic tree using parsimony methods and discrete morphological character data from a broad sampling of harpetids, trinucleids, and their relatives. Despite their gross morphological similarities, we found that harpetids and trinucleids were readily distinguished in our analyses, a result consistent with a hypothesis of multiple origins for the harpiform brim. By mapping brim-related characters across our new phylogeny, we identified a sequence of morphological innovations that arose in parallel in both groups and led ultimately in each case to the evolution of the harpiform brim. These results indicate that harpiform brims are a prime example of parallel evolution—the similar development of a morphological trait in distantly related taxa that nevertheless share a similar original morphology. In addition, our phylogeny supports the idea that trinucleids are specialized, harpiform asaphids, rather than an independent order of trilobites. We also provide new information on the relationships of the putative ‘basal-most’ members of Trinucleioidea, the Liostracinidae, and confirm recent assessments that this family is more distantly related to trinucleids.

First-formed shells of several species of Dalmanellidae (Brachiopoda) from the Ordovician (Katian) of North America were measured and compared: Cincinnetina multisecta, Diceromyonia tersa, Diceromyonia storeya, Paucicrura corpulenta, Paucicrura rogata, and Paucicrura sillimani. Sizes and structures of the first-formed shells suggest that members of this family had planktotrophic subadults, with some species showing indications of only an unshelled larval stage and others showing both a larval stage and a shelled juvenile stage. This differs from modern rhynchonelliformean brachiopods, which all possess only a lecithotrophic larval stage. The range of sizes of first-formed shells of most studied species are similar, but P. sillimani of Baffin Island, Canada (middle Katian), has a significantly larger first-formed shell that formed during an extended juvenile stage. This may have enabled the species to colonize newly exploitable habitats during an interval of rapid sea level rise in Laurentia during the Katian. This plasticity of developmental modes in the Dalmanellidae shows not only that using distantly related modern brachiopods as an analog for extinct Paleozoic lineages may be misleading, but also that development can vary within a single lineage and that timing of developmental stages should not be considered a reliable character for use in phylogenetic studies of brachiopods.

Shape deformation during fossilization can prevent accurate reconstruction of an organism's form during life, hampering areas of paleontology ranging from functional morphology to systematics. Retrodeformation attempts to restore the original shape of deformed fossil specimens and requires an adequate knowledge of the deformation process. Although tectonic processes and retrodeformation are relatively well understood, research on quantifying the effect of compressive deformation on fossil morphology is scant. Here we investigate the factors that can cause changes in the shape of fossil specimens during compressive deformation. Three-dimensional (3D) models of trilobite cranidia/cephala are subjected to simulated deposition and compaction using rigid body simulation and scaling features of the open-source 3D software Blender. The variation in pitch and roll angle is lowest on flat surfaces, intermediate on tilted surfaces, and highest on irregular surfaces. These trends are reflected in the morphological differences captured by principal component scores in geometric morphometric analyses using landmarks. In addition, the different shapes of trilobite cranidia/cephala according to their systematic affinity influence the degree of angular variation, which in turn affects their posture—normal or inverted. Inverted cranidia/cephala show greater morphological variability than those with normal postures.

The Eager Formation (Cambrian Stage 4) of the Cranbrook area, British Columbia, contains abundant, sometimes beautifully preserved, trilobites and rare non-biomineralized taxa. Trilobites were first reported just over a century ago but have received little research attention, resulting in uncertainty in the number and identity of species within the assemblage and ambiguity in the age of the fauna. The trilobites of the Eager Formation in the Cranbrook area are described herein based largely upon material collected in 2015. A minimum of eight (and perhaps up to 11) trilobite species are recognized. The four species of olenelloids (Olenellus santuccii Webster n. sp., Olenellus? schofieldi, Mesonacis eagerensis, and Wanneria cranbrookense Webster n. sp.) are by far the most abundant elements of the fauna. At least two, and perhaps as many as five, species of dorypygid are present, as are two species of “ptychoparioids”. Paucity and poor preservational quality of specimens mean that the various dorypygid and “ptychoparioid” species are left in open nomenclature. Trilobite diversity in the Cranbrook Lagerstätte is comparable to that within other Lagerstätten from Cambrian Stage 4 (Series 2) of Laurentia. The diversity and abundance of trilobites, combined with biostratinomic and trace fossil data, suggest that the assemblage is autochthonous and/or parautochthonous, and that the local environment was at least periodically able to support a “typical” benthic trilobite community. The age of the Cranbrook Lagerstätte is constrained to lie within the middle Dyeran Stage of Laurentia, within what was a substantial stratigraphic gap in the distribution of Burgess Shale-type Lagerstätten.

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The Lower Ordovician (Floian) Al Rose Formation from the Inyo Mountains, California, is a deeper-water, graptolitic equivalent of the well-known and richly fossiliferous successions described from Utah and Nevada. It is considered to have been originally marginal to the Laurentian paleocontinent. It has yielded a low-diversity trilobite fauna that differs strikingly from contemporary faunas to the east in its abundance of raphiophorid, nileid, olenid, and agnostoid trilobites, resembling that of the Nileid Biofacies known from scattered locations marginal to Laurentia. Two new trilobite species are described: Globampyx sexsegmentatus (Raphiophoridae) and Protopresbynileus divergens (Nileidae). Carolinites genacinaca Ross, 1951 is a link with the Great Basin. Other trilobites include the olenid Cloacaspis cf. C. ceryx anataphra Fortey, 1974, metagnostid Geragnostus cf. G. (Novoagnostus) longicollis Raymond, 1925, and pliomerid Hintzeia sp.

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Fossils are rare in Cambrian strata of the Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah, and are important because they can help integrate our understanding of laterally adjacent but discontiguous rock units, e. g., the Tintic Quartzite of Utah and the Lodore Formation of Utah-Colorado. New body fossils from strata previously mapped as Tintic or Cambrian Undifferentiated, but here interpreted as the Ophir Formation, include indeterminate hyoliths and hyolithids, brachiopods including a linguloid, and the trilobites Trachycheilus Resser, 1945 and Elrathiella Poulsen, 1927. The last two assign these strata to the Ehmaniella Biozone (uppermost Wuliuan Stage; Miaolingian Series) or traditional Laurentian middle Cambrian. These data, together with fossil occurrences elsewhere in Utah, require that the Tintic Quartzite was deposited prior to and/or during the early Wuliuan, and suggest that the unit could be correlative to much of the Lodore Formation of Utah and Colorado.

Here we describe the first articulated olenid trilobite specimens recovered from the lowermost Fezouata Shale Formation (lower Tremadocian, Ordovician) of Morocco. Prior to the discovery of this sample, only two partial olenid trilobite specimens had been found from this part of the rock record. The specimens are well preserved enough to confidently identify as Leptoplastides salteri (Callaway, 1877), extending the species geographic range from Avalonia into Gondwana. We argue that the Moroccan occurrences formerly referred to as “Beltella sp.” in the literature are likely to be those of L. salteri. This species is the only olenid trilobite known from African Gondwana.

Intense commercial exploitation of fossils in the famous El Qaid Errami area in the last 20 years has led to the discovery of the interesting Declivolithus Fauna in the Moroccan Anti-Atlas. This unusually large trinucleid trilobite, described originally from the Czech Republic, is the most conspicuous element of an assemblage mainly occurring in the Bofloss locality, a local biofacies development of pelagic mudstones and sandstones cropping out in a structurally isolated place in the Tizi n'Ounfite area. Here we revise this Declivolithus Fauna trilobite assemblage from Morocco, increasing the known trilobite diversity from four to 11 species: Ulugtella? biformis n. sp., Selenopeltis cf. S. vultuosa, Phacopidina quadrata, Eudolatites cf. E. bondoni, Prionocheilus cf. P. verneuili, Nobiliasaphus cf. N. kumatox, Cyclopyge cf. C. rediviva, Symphysops stevaninae, Heterocyclopyge sp., Dionide sp., and Declivolithus alfredi. The new data and the very good preservation of specimens in sandstones, clarify the specific identity of previously reported taxa. Although the stratigraphical correlation of the fossiliferous levels remains problematic, it probably corresponds to the upper part of the Lower Ktaoua Formation or to the lower half of the Upper Tiouririne Formation. Most taxa support previous assignment of the Moroccan assemblage to the late Berounian (ca. early Katian, Ka2), although a middle Berounian (ca. Sa2–Ka1) age cannot be excluded. Most of the identified species are known from the Czech Republic (eight out of 11), showing that the strong faunal link between Morocco and the Czech Republic still existed during the Late Ordovician, being stronger than the link with the coeval Ibero-Armorican domain faunas.

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The trilobite faunas that occur with the Steptoean Positive Isotope Carbon Excursion (SPICE) at Smithfield Canyon, Utah, have been reported, but not illustrated. Given the importance of the SPICE at this section for international correlations, the trilobites from new collections from the upper Nounan Dolomite to lower St. Charles Formation at Smithfield Canyon are reported herein and integrated with the previously reported taxa. Trilobite assemblages indicate that the upper Cedaria to the Ellipsocephaloides biozones (Miaolingian Series, Guzhangian Stage to Furongian Series, Jiangshanian Stage) are present stratigraphically below or above the SPICE.

Some of the taxa reported herein may represent new species, but they are not represented by well-enough preserved specimens and are left in open nomenclature. However, Kingstonia smithfieldensis n. sp. and Bromella utahensis n. sp. are named on the basis of common and well-preserved specimens.

New carbon isotope data from Smithfield Canyon from an overlapping section of the lower St. Charles Formation, that add to the overall shape of the SPICE curve, are presented. The new δ13C values above the Elvinia Biozone range from –0.36‰ to +1.5‰, confirming that the SPICE concludes within the Elvinia Biozone.

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Successions in Oklahoma and Nevada record trilobite extinction and replacement near the Steptoean–Sunwaptan boundary in inner-shelf and outer-shelf settings, respectively. Prior to the extinctions, different trilobite biofacies occupied these environments, but faunas became similar in composition across the environmental gradient in the overlying I. “major” and Taenicephalus zones. Faunal changes in the outer shelf at the I. “major” Zone begin at a drowning unconformity that brought dark, laminated calcisiltite and silty lime mudstone above a subtidal carbonate succession. In contrast, Oklahoma shows facies continuity in a succession of tidally influenced bioclastic carbonates. Loss of genera and a dramatic abundance “spike” of Irvingella are features of the I. “major” Zone in both regions. Turnover of biofacies occurred in the succeeding Taenicephalus Zone, with both the inner and outer shelf dominated by Orygmaspis (Parabolinoides). Blooms of orthid brachiopods in shallow water settings are underappreciated signals of faunal change in the extinction interval. Although absent from the outer shelf in Nevada, orthids became abundant enough in Oklahoma to form shell beds in the lower Taenicephalus Zone, but became rare in overlying strata. Carbon isotope stratigraphy includes a modest positive δ13C excursion that peaks in the extinction interval at 1.4‰ (Oklahoma) and 2.2‰ (Nevada), which is congruent with previous reports from Utah and Wyoming. Although consistent with regional upwelling of dysoxic waters, the absence of sedimentary evidence for significant environmental change over much of the shelf is problematic. This suggests that physical environmental change acted primarily as a catalyst for cascading ecological and biogeographic effects.

Walcottaspis vanhornei (Walcott, 1914) is a large, late Cambrian trilobite with a unique pygidial morphology known only from a narrow outcrop belt of the St. Lawrence Formation in the Upper Mississippi Valley. Found in carbonate-rich layers within heterolithic facies that represent the toesets of a prograding shoreface, it is restricted to a single or small number of parasequences. Only four specimens of any of its sclerites have been illustrated previously. Here holaspid examples of all its biomineralized sclerites are described and illustrated, along with a morphometric analysis of cranidial landmarks and landmarks plus semilandmarks for the pygidium. Ontogenetic allometry accounts for 29% of the variance among holaspid cranidia and includes a relative shortening and narrowing of the palpebral lobe and a reduction in the relative length and width of the frontal area. Notable pygidial phenotypic variation occurs in the extent of the postaxial region and in the proportion of the structure occupied by the axis. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that W. vanhornei is sister taxon to Dikelocephalus minnesotensis Owen, 1852, which also occurs in the St. Lawrence Formation and has a broadly similar cephalon but distinctive trunk. The holaspid pygidium of W. vanhornei is uniquely characterized by the interpleural furrows of the first two segments becoming abruptly obsolete on approaching the axial furrow. Some pygidia show narrow, shallow, flat-bottomed grooves etched into the internal sides of the dorsal surface or doublure that apparently represent infestation of the live trilobite.

Rare specimens of eldonioids recovered from the lower Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 4) Emu Bay Shale (EBS) Konservat-Lagerstätte represent the first record of the group for the Cambrian of East Gondwana. The disc-shaped body of the EBS taxon bears fine concentric corrugations on the dorsal surface and, ventrally, a series of internal lobes that have primary and secondary bifurcations, as well as a coiled sac. It appears to be most similar to Rotadiscus and Pararotadiscus of the Cambrian Chengjiang and Kaili biotas of South China, respectively. While the structure of the internal lobes would indicate that this occurrence in the EBS represents a new taxon within the Rotadiscidae, lack of detail regarding the precise number of internal lobes and the condition of the circumoral tentacles warrants a more conservative approach in leaving the genus and species under open nomenclature. The EBS specimens also host trace fossils, including the remains of a burrow, which are generally lacking in the body-fossil-bearing layers of the Konservat-Lagerstätte interval. These traces appear to have been made by small organisms and are similar to traces associated with the discs of Pararotadiscus guizhouensis Zhao and Zhu, 1994 from the Kaili Biota. The available taphonomic, paleoenvironmental, and ichnological evidence indicates that the EBS eldonioids are most likely vagrants that were transported or settled into the ‘preservational trap’ and subsequently exposed on the substrate for a brief period before burial, thereby allowing organisms to exploit their carcasses for nutrients or other purposes.