Anchored in the theoretical perspectives explored in Chapter 1, Chapter 2 surveys the historical development of infant pain denial from 1890 until 1950 in three scientific communities: the child study movement, behavioural psychology and paediatrics. The analysis shows the extent to which figurations of children’s pain were products of a struggle for recognition between contending disciplines and delves into the reasons for the scepticism towards pain, which had important consequences in paediatrics.

The usefulness and richness of 2-polygraphs is confirmed by the large number and variety of categories they present. In order to show that a given polygraph is a presentation of a given category, one can either tackle the issue directly, by using rewriting tools, or take a modular approach, by combining already known presentations: this is the route taken in the present chapter. Three significant applications are given. First addressed is the presentation of limits and colimits by means of given presentations of the base categories, and precisely shown is how to systematically build presentations of products, coproducts, and pushouts. Next, it is shown how to add formal inverses to some morphisms of a category at the level of presentations. Finally, distributive laws are investigated in relation to factorization systems on categories. A notion of composition along a distributive law between two small categories sharing the same set of objects is introduced, and it is shown how to derive a presentation of this composite from presentations of the components.

This chapter examines the challenges in measuring long-term care needs to determine eligibility and the impact of eligibility rules on access to care and wellbeing, focusing on European countries with established long-term care systems. Eligibility rules are crucial for identifying individuals with the greatest need and ensuring equitable resource distribution, yet defining these rules is challenging due to the lack of a universal approach to measuring health and social needs. Consequently, some individuals with functional or cognitive limitations may be inadequately supported or face high out-of-pocket costs, leading to reliance on informal care or unmet needs. This can reduce their independence and increase the risk of costly hospitalizations. The chapter advocates for expanding eligibility rules to improve coverage, equity, and efficiency, highlighting their role in increasing access to care, reducing poverty due to care costs, and enhancing wellbeing.

1.1 Introduction

In any modern economy, dealing with banks has become an integral part of everyday life. Bank offices or branches are a familiar sight in marketplaces in cities and towns. The setting up of automated teller machines (ATMs) as a form of extension of bank branches has further expanded the presence of banks. Not only urban centres and small towns, but even the rural parts of India today are no longer unfamiliar with banks and banking. It is quite common for the general public to avail ordinary banking services like obtaining a bank loan for business or farming, operating a savings bank deposit account, taking a home or automobile loan, using a credit or debit card or making or receiving small denomination payments using the Unified Payments Interface (UPI). The reader may have some exposure to banks and banking activities in her day-to-day life. However, not everyone may be quite aware about the technical aspects of banking operations and the banking business. Many may not have adequate understanding about various types of assets and liabilities of banks and the technical details related to various banking products and functions. In this chapter, we provide the basic details about a bank and its activities to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the banking business. The objective is to provide a formal introduction to banks and banking in the Indian context.

Section 1.2 describes ordinary banking services in the form of opening bank deposit accounts, facilitating financial transfers and extending loans. In the process, a typical bank acts as an interface between savers and borrowers. The bank is a legal entity incorporated under the law of the land. The legal provisions in India defining banks and banking functions are also briefly discussed.

Part of what we aim for today is a review, since the circuit includes an unusually broad variety of elements. What you will achieve is the wireless transmission of an audio signal, using optical encoding.

The first part of this chapter is devoted to studying three families of chiral polytopes grouped by common properties. The first family consists of chiral polyhedra, which are chiral polytopes of the lowest possible rank. The second family groups the tight chiral polytopes, which are the natural candidates to be the chiral polytopes with the smallest number of flags in each rank where they exist (3 and 4). The third family includes chiral polytopes obtained from geometric constructions, like Coxeter’s twisted honeycombs and Roli’s cube. The second part of the chapter deals with ideas to construct chiral polytopes of high ranks, a task that since the origin of the notion of abstract chiral polytope has proved to be difficult. One of these ideas is to build a polytope of rank n+1 from a set of building blocks that are isomorphic polytopes of rank n, while keeping the vertex-figures all isomorphic to some other prescribed polytope; such a polytope of rank n+1 is said to be an amalgamation of the other two. The second idea is similar, but without prescribing the isomorphism type of the vertex-figure. The polytopes of rank n+1 constructed in this way are said to be extensions of the polytope of rank n.

In this chapter the main topic of the book is put in context.

The introduction serves three main purposes. First, I present the topic of the book and its main goal: to identify the Greek tragedies that ancient actors continued to stage from the fourth century BC to the third century AD. In addition to surveying the relevant scholarly literature, I also introduce the terminology used in the book. Second, I describe the four types of ancient sources that allow us to reconstruct the repertoire of ancient actors: inscriptions, literary records, tragedy-related vases and Roman tragedies. I discuss each category of records separately, presenting previous studies and addressing their contribution to my own work. Third, I summarise the four chapters making up the book and I describe how I have arranged the two Appendices collecting ancient sources, one related to identifiable Greek tragedies (Appendix I) and the other to their unidentifiable counterparts (Appendix II).

The opening chapter sets the scene for the remainder of the work with a detailed account of the flood traditions of the ancient world. It begins with the story of Noah and the flood as it occurs in the book of Genesis. It then traces the origin of the Biblical story in the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh (thirteenth–twelfth century BCE) and the Babylonian Noah Uta-napishti. It then outlines how these flood traditions were appropriated within the early Jewish and Christian traditions. This is followed by an account of Greek and Roman Flood stories and how they were seen within the ancient world in relation to the Biblical and Mesopotamian traditions. Consideration is also given to Noah as ‘the man of righteousness’ in the New Testament, his role in the Jewish Sybilline Oracles (early first century BCE), and in the literature between the Old and New Testaments.

This chapter identifies the tragedies that ancient actors kept performing in three areas: fourth-century Athens and Attica, fourth-century Sicily and South Italy, and Republican Rome. My discussion is organised by poet, starting with the canonical tragedians: Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. Although Aeschylus’ tragedies quickly lost appeal with theatrical audiences across Greece, at least a few of them survived in fourth-century Sicily and South Italy and were later adapted by Roman dramatists for Latin-speaking audiences. Sophocles’ tragedies fared generally better than Aeschylus’, but Euripides clearly had the largest impact on actors’ activities. Many of his tragedies can be consistently found in different venues. While the plays by the three canonical tragedians can be more easily traced in the theatre-related sources, the tragedies by other authors also survived in later theatres. Their plays as well were reproduced on the theatre-related pots from across fourth-century Sicily and South Italy and were later staged in Rome in their Latin adaptations.