The decline in faecal egg counts, characteristic of calves which have been experimentally infected with Ostertagia ostertagi, is analysed using a mathematical model in which parasite fecundity is assumed to be an inverse function of both the duration and intensity of infection. The model incorporates a description of the frequency distribution of mature parasites between hosts (which is less over-dispersed than is usual for many other helminth infections). The model provides a good overall description of the decline in faecal egg production observed during trickle and single infection experiments. The main discrepancy between a comparison of the model predictions and the results of the most detailed available series of trickle infection experiments occurs at the initial peak of egg production. The magnitude of this difference appears to be related to the worm burden at the peak of egg production. The possible mechanisms underlying density-dependent regulation of the fecundity of O. ostertagia are discussed.

Adult males and females of Onchocerca gutturosa were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of mice, and their survival was determined at intervals thereafter by post-mortem examination. Ten of 17 animals receiving males dissected free of bovine host tissues contained live parasites at necropsy up to 4 months later. Female worms digested free from connective tissue by collagenase did not survive well, even though they appeared motile and intact before implantation; only 2 were alive 10 days later in 2 of 16 recipients. When males and females still contained within connective tissue capsules were implanted they survived for up to 2 months, and microfilariae were detected transiently in the skin of 2 recipient mice. The results suggest the feasibility of maintaining adult O. gutturosa in rodents by this means, provided exposure of worms to enzymes used to free them from host tissue is avoided.

Relationships between ascariasis and lactose digestion and between ascariasis and food transit time from mouth to caecum were investigated in young children from Chiriqui Province, Republic of Panama. The breath hydrogen method was used in both studies. Ascaris-infected children showed a significantly poorer degree of lactose digestion following a test oral load than uninfected children. Recovery of the capacity of the children to digest lactose was still not fully complete for at least 3 weeks following anthelmintic treatment. On average, the mouth-to-caecum transit time was similar in infected and uninfected children, but among the Ascaris-infected children the transit time tended to be shorter in relation to the intensity of infection. Evidence from a cross-sectional survey indicated that ascariasis was significantly associated with reduced plasma vitamin A and carotenoid concentrations. This relationship remained after controlling for a range of socio-economic variables. Ascaris-infected children were frequently found to have lower haematocrits and blood haemoglobin concentrations than uninfected children, but these relationships could not be attributed to ascariasis alone.

Experimental studies on the dynamics of infection of Lymnaea truncatula by the miracidia of Fasciola hepatica show that there is a linear relationship between the net rate of attachment of miracidia to snail epithelium and the density of infective stages. The probability of a snail remaining uninfected after exposure to a single miracidium varies with the size class of the snail. Under the conditions of the experiment (temperature, 15° C; exposure period, 30 min; water volume, 8 ml), the probability was 0·46–0·48, 0·27–0·26 and 0·13–0·19 for snail size classes, 0·5–2·9, 3·0-5·9 and 6·0-8·9 mm respectively.

A mathematical model of the population biology of Ostertagia ostertagi is described. The model assumes that the natural control and regulation of parasite numbers is mediated by four processes: the effect of climate on the development and survival of the free-living stages; changes in the rate of establishment of the infective larvae, and density-dependent variations in parasite survival and fecundity. The model is used to compare the course of the infection in two groups of calves. One group is assumed to have been reared under conditions typical of S.E. England and the other under conditions typical of Louisiana, USA. The more general behaviour of the model is discussed in the context of sensitivity analysis. The model is an excellent mimic of the epidemiology of bovine ostertagiasis. It can be used as a simple screening procedure to help determine which of many possible anthelmintic control strategies should be selected for more detailed examination in the field, and it provides a theoretical framework within which ideas concerning the epidemiology of parasitic gastro-enteritis can be assessed and refined.

The cidal properties of some phenolic, halogenated diphenyl, salicylanilide, benzimidazole and diaminophenoxyalkane anthelmintics, against 6-week-old worms of Fasciola hepatica were assessed in vitro. In a conventional fluke culture medium containing RPMI 1640, supplemented with serum with or without rabbit erythrocytes or pink-ghosts, only the halogenated diphenyl and salicylanilide compounds showed activity at concentrations equal to or less than 100 μm. However, when basal, serum and cell-free RPMI 1640 was used, all compounds other than diamphenethide were highly active, their minimum lethal concentrations being some 25–125 times lower under these conditions. The inclusion of rabbit liver microsomes in the basal culture medium resulted in diamphenethide exhibiting cidal activity equivalent to that seen when its free-amine active metabolite was assayed. The possibility that the activity of many of these compounds was masked in vitro because of their serum binding properties is discussed. Recommendations are made that in vitro screens for new fasciolicides should be carried out in serum-free medium and that additional replicates containing mammalian liver microsomes and liver cytosolic extracts be included as means for the metabolic activation of certain otherwise undetectable prodrugs.

An epidemiological survey of intestinal parasitic infections was conducted in a sample of 203 children aged 3–5 years from a semi-urban and a rural community in Chiriqui, Panama, in 1983–4. On the basis of stool examinations, the prevalences of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm, Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba spp. and Strongyloides stercoralis were found to be 27, 34, 14, 15, 5 and 4% respectively. The results from children from the two communities were compared. Polyparasitism occurred significantly more often in rural than semi-urban children. Following anthelmintic treatment with levamisole, the numbers of A. lumbricoides passed/child were recorded and the frequency distribution of the parasite was observed to be highly aggregated with a variance to mean ratio of 10·2. For A. lumbricoides, relationships between worm burden, worm biomass and egg production were investigated. In the data analysis, an attempt was made to explore the influence of numbers of male worms on egg production. The results are compared with those obtained during other recent studies on the epidemiology of A. lumbricoides infection in other countries.

Five chemoprophylactic or chemotherapeutic strategies against bovine ostertagiasis are compared using a mathematical model of the population biology of Ostertagia ostertagi. The model offers a means of screening novel strategies prior to their further investigation in the field. Under conditions of climate and management typical of many regions in Northern temperate Europe, the model indicates that all of the tested prophylactic strategies will result in a profound reduction in the intensity of infection in grazing beef calves when compared with an untreated control group or the simple therapeutic protocol. Not all of those strategies which caused diminution in the scale of the midsummer rise in pasture larval contamination resulted in progressively less contaminated pastures in subsequent years. Moreover, the reproductive potential of the parasite is so great that the principal advantage of the ‘pasture cleaning’ effect that is the consequence of some protocols is not that the pasture may eventually be used to graze untreated calves but that the treated animals are subjected to a progressively smaller parasitic challenge with the concomitant pay-off in production gains.

The Gyrocotylidea is a group of platyhelminths comprising only a dozen or so species which have been placed in three genera, Oyrocotyle Diesing, 1850, Amphiptyches Grube and Wagener in Wagener, 1852 and Gyrocotyloides Fuhrmann, 1930. All species are highly specific to chimaeroid fish, a small group of present-day holocephalans, and are restricted to the spiral valve intestine of these hosts.

Two major groups of heat-stable proteins have been purified by heat denaturation from homogenates of eggs of the potato-cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of protein homogenates from 6 G. rostochiensis populations and 7 G. pallida populations revealed 2 bands specific for G. rostochiensis and 3 bands specific for G. pallida. Two-dimensional electrophoresis showed that the 2 bands specific for G. rostochiensis consisted of 2 polypeptides differing slightly in isoelectric point, as did one of the bands specific for G. pallida. Conventional antisera made against protein homogenates of either Globodera species showed a complete cross-reaction with the species-specific proteins. The perspectives of the differences in protein composition between G. rostochiensis and G. pallida, established in this study, for a quantitative differentiation of mixed field populations of the two Globodera species, involving monoclonal antibodies, are discussed.

Malnutrition and helminth infection are amongst the most prevalent chronic conditions affecting human health globally. It is estimated that parasitic helminths infect more than 1 billion people, and that more than 2 million clinical cases occur each year (Peters, 1978; Walsh, 1984). Estimates of the incidence of clinical malnutrition suggest that between 5 and 8 million cases occur annually. In many parts of the developing world malnutrition and infection conjointly are the most serious health problem in children, acting as primary or more often as secondary factors in mortality (Puffer & Serrano, 1973). The impact on health is exacerbated because both conditions are chronic, are most common in growing children and, most importantly, tend to occur together in the same individuals (Pawlowski, 1984; Chandra & Newberne, 1977).

Since the work of Dujardin (1845), attempts have been made to decipher acceptable divisions of the trematode groups at higher taxonomic levels, and yet there is still no generally accepted classification of the higher taxa of the Trematoda as there are for other groups of parasitic worms, such as the Monogenea, Cestoda, Nematoda and Acanthocephala. Why is it that workers with a wide knowledge of trematode systematics, such as Dollfus, Stunkard, Manter and especially Yamaguti, have felt unable or unwilling to comment in detail upon the phylogenetic relationships within the group at higher taxonomic levels? One of the main reasons for this state of affairs lies in the fact that, generally speaking, the group is not easily split into major subgroups by obvious, non-homoplasious morphological characters. Early attempts at division, based upon sucker arrangements, i.e. monostome, distome, amphistome and gasterostome, are not satisfactory, as distomes form the vast majority of the Digenea and both monostomes and amphistomes are certainly polyphyletic. In addition, the picture within the Digenea is complicated by the group's complex life-history patterns. Whereas early classifications all tended to be based upon adult (marital) morphology, life-history patterns are given great weight by workers such as Pearson (1972) and Bozhkov (1982). The cercarial morphology is considered the dominant feature in the classification of the group presented by La Rue (1957) and is emphasized in the phylogenetic relationships between the subgroups recognized by Cable (1974). Odening (1961), following an earlier suggestion of Lebour (1912), presented a classification, the major divisions of which were based upon the daughter-parthenita (i.e. the redia or daughter-sporocyst), a stance which he later found untenable (Odening, 1974). Consequently, the wealth of conflicting data from these and other sources has deterred the presentation both of classifications and speculations on evolutionary relationships. The classification of Odening (1974) and the recent cladistic analysis of Brooks, O'Grady & Glen (1985b) utilized data from all of the life-history stages. As the classification of Brooks et al. (1985b) is the most recent, and readily available in English, it must be a serious contender in terms of general acceptance. If it is accepted, then one would hope that this will be on its merits rather than because of its availability or the lack of viable alternatives; but, as discussed below, it is easy to find fault with this classification when it and its premises are examined in detail.