Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-03T20:28:39.893Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Biology of gyrocotylideans with emphasis on reproduction, population ecology and phylogeny

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2009

H. H. Williams
Affiliation:
The Open University in Wales, 24 Cathedral Road, Cardiff CFl 9SA (with research facilities at the Department of Zoology, National Museum of Wales)
Judith A. Colin
Affiliation:
The Open University in Wales, 24 Cathedral Road, Cardiff CFl 9SA (with research facilities at the Department of Zoology, National Museum of Wales)
O. Halvorsen
Affiliation:
Institute of Biology and Geology, University of Tromso, N9001, Tromso, Norway

Summary

The Gyrocotylidea is a group of platyhelminths comprising only a dozen or so species which have been placed in three genera, Oyrocotyle Diesing, 1850, Amphiptyches Grube and Wagener in Wagener, 1852 and Gyrocotyloides Fuhrmann, 1930. All species are highly specific to chimaeroid fish, a small group of present-day holocephalans, and are restricted to the spiral valve intestine of these hosts.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allison, F. R. & Coakley, A. (1973). The two species of Gyrocotyle in the Elephant fish, Callor-hynchus milii (Bory). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 3, 381–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amin, O. M. (1975). Variability in Acanthocephahis parksidei Amin, 1974 (Acanthocephala: Echinor-hynchidae). Journal of Parasitology 61, 307–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R. M. (1980). Depression of host population abundance by direct life cycle macroparasites. Journal of Theoretical Biology 82, 283311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, R. M. (1982a). Host-parasite population biology. In Parasites-Their World and Ours. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Parasitology (ed. Mettrick, D. F. and Desser, S. S.), pp. 303–12. Amsterdam: Elsevier Biomedical Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. M. (1982b). The Population Dynamics of Infectious Diseases; Theory and Applications.London and New York: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R. M. & Gordon, D. M. (1982). Processes influencing the distribution of parasite numbers within host populations with special emphasis on parasite host mortalities. Parasitology 85, 373–98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barnard, C. J. (1984). Producers and Scroungers. Strategies of Exploitation and Parasitism. London and Sydney: Croom Helm.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartoli, P. (1983). Population ou especes? Recherches sur la signification de la transmission de Trematodes Lepocreadiinae (T. Odhner, 1905) dans deux ecosystemes marins. Annales de Parasitologic Humaine et Comparée 58, 117–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basitov, A. A. & Lyapkalo, E. V. (1982). Scheme of spermatogenesis in gyrocotylids. Vestnik Zoologii 1, 75–7.Google Scholar
Beverley-Burton, M. (1984). Monogenea and Turbellaria. In Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada, Part 1 (ed. Margolis, L. and Kabata, Z.), pp. 5209. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74.Google Scholar
Beverley-Burton, M. & Early, G. (1982). Deretrema philippinensis n.sp. (Digenea: Zoogonidae from Anomalops katoptron (Berciformes: Anomalopidae) from the Philippines. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60, 2403–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigelow, H. B. & Schroeder, W. W. (1953). Fishes of Western North Atlantic, part II. Sawfishes, Guitarfishes, Skates and Rays, Chimaeroids. Sears Foundation for Marine Research Memoirs No. 1. New Haven: Yale University Press; Copenhagen: Bianco Luno.Google Scholar
Bloom, B. R. (1979). Games parasites play: how parasites evade immune surveillance. Nature, London 279, 21–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boaden, P. J. S. (1975). Anaerobiosis meiofauna and early metazoan evolution. Zoologica Scripta 4, 21–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosche, H.van den, (1980). The host-invader interplay. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on the Biochemistry of Parasites and Host-Parasite Relationships. Beerse, Belgium, 30 06-3 07 1980. Janssen Research Foundation Series Vol. 2, Amsterdam: Elsevier/North-Holland: Biomedical Press.Google Scholar
Bradley, D. J. (1972). Regulation of parasite populations. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 66, 697708.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braun, M. (18941900). Cestodes. In H. G. Bronn, Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs 4, 9271731.Google Scholar
Bray, R. A. (1982). Two new species of Bacciger Nicoll, 1914 (Digenea: Fellodistomidae) from mullet in Australia. Journal of Natural History 16, 23–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bray, R. A. & Rollinson, D. (1985). Enzyme electrophoresis as an aid to distinguishing species of Fellodistomum, Steringotrema and Steringophorus (Digenea: Fellodistomidae). International Journal for Parasitology 15, 255–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, D. R. (1979). Testing the context and extent of host-parasite coevolution. Systematic Zoology 28, 299307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, D. R. (1980). Allopatric speciation and non-interactive parasite community structure. Systematic Zoology 29, 192203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooks, D. R. (1982). Higher level classification of parasitic platyhelminths and fundamentals of cestode classification. In Parasites-Their World and Ours. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Parasitology, (ed. Mettrick, D. F. and Desser, S. S.), pp. 189193. Amsterdam: Elsevier Biomedical Press.Google Scholar
Brooks, D. R., O'Grady, R. T. & Glen, D. R. (1985). The phylogeny of the Cercomeria Brooks, 1982 (Platyhelminthes). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 52, 120.Google Scholar
Burn, P. R. (1980). Density dependent regulation of a fish trematode population. Journal of Parasitology 66, 173–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, M. D. B. & Jarecka, L. (1982). Phylogenetic host specificity of cestodes. Memoires du Museum National d'histoire Naturelle, Sér. A. Zoologie 123, 4751. (Discussion pp. 51–2.)Google Scholar
Bychowsky, B. E. (1961). Monogenetic Trematodes, their Systematics and Phylogeny (translated from the Russian by P. C. Oustinoff), Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Biological Sciences.Google Scholar
Bychowsky, B. E. & Nagibina, L. F. (1967). On ‘intermediate hosts in monogeneans (Mono- genoidea)’. Parassitologia 1, 117–23 (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Cain, A. J. (1956). The genus in evolutionary taxonomy. Systematic Zoology 5, 97109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calow, P. (1983). Pattern and paradox in parasite reproduction. In The Reproductive Biology of Parasites. Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology vol. 20 (ed. Whitfield, P. J.). Parasitology 86 (4), 197207.Google Scholar
Charnov, E. I. & Bull, J. (1977). When is sex environmentally determined? Nature, London 266, 828–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chinniah, V. C. & Threlfall, W. (1978). Metazoan parasites of fish from the Smallwood Reservoir, Labrador, Canada. Journal of Fish Biology 13, 203–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiriac, E., Boldor, S. & Vadineanu, E. (1975). Un cas d'hyperparasitisme chez la perche (Perca fluviatilis L.). Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Série de Biologie Animal 20, 241–3.Google Scholar
Clark, R. B. (1979). Radiation of the Metazoa. In The Origin of Major Invertebrate Groups. Systematics Association Special Volume 12 (ed. House, M. R.), pp. 55107. London and New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Clark, W. C. (1978). Hermaphroditism as a reproductive strategy for metazoans: some correlated benefits. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 5, 769–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colin, J. A., Halvorsen, O. & Williams, H. H. (1985). Three species in one host gut or polymorphism in a platyhelminth ? Proceedings of the 12th Scandinavian Symposium of Parasitology. Information, Institute of Parasitology, Abo Akademi, Finland 18, 11–2.Google Scholar
Colin, J. A., Williams, H. H. & Halvorsen, O. (1986). One or three gyrocotylideans (Platyhelminthes) in Chimaera monstrosa (Holocephali). Journal of Parasitology 72, 1021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, J. H. (1961). The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology 42, 710–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Connell, J. H. (1983). On the prevalence and importance of inter-specific competition: evidence from field experiments. The American Naturalist 122, 661–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway-Morris, S. & Crompton, D. W. T. (1982a). The origins and evolution of the Acanthocephala. Biological Reviews 57, 85115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway-Morris, S. & Crompton, D. W. T. (1982 b). The origins and evolution of the Acanthocephala. (Deuxième Symp. sur la specificite parasitairé dés vértébras, 13–17 avril 1981. Colloque Internat. du CNRS). Mémoires du Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Sér. A, Zoologie 123, 61–6.Google Scholar
Cordero del Campillo, M. (1979). [Biology and Reproduction]. Biologia y natalidad. ONE, Actualidad Pecuaria, Barcelona 1, 2956.Google Scholar
Cort, W. W., Olivier, L. & Brackett, S. (1941). The relation of physid and planorbid snails to the life cycle of the strigeid trematode, Cotylurus flabelliformis (Faust, 1917). Journal of Parasitology 27, 437–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crandall, R. B. (1960). The life history and affinities of the turtle lung fluke, Heronimus chelydrae MacCallum, 1902. Journal of Parasitology 46, 289307.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crofton, H. D. (1971). A model for host-parasite relationships. Parasitology 63, 343–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dienske, H. (1968). A survey of the metazoan parasites of the rabbit-fish. Chimaera monstrosa L. Holocephali. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 4, 3258.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diesing, C. M. (1850). Systema Helminthum 1, 1679.Google Scholar
Diesing, C. M. (1855). Sechszehn Gattungen von Binnenwürmen und ihre Arten. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaften Klasse, Wien 9, 171–85.Google Scholar
Diesing, C. M. (1858). Revision der Myzhelminthen. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Wien 33, 473513.Google Scholar
Dobson, A. P. (1985). The population dynamics of competition between parasites. Parasitology 91, 317–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobzhansky, T. (1941). Genetics and the Origin of Species, 2nd Edn. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Dollfus, R. Ph. (1923). L'orientation morphologique des Gyrocotyle et des cestodes en général. Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France 48, 205–42.Google Scholar
Dubinina, M. N. (1978). Flatworms of the Amphilinida class (substantiation and system). In 4th International Congress of Parasitology, 19–26 August, 1978, Warsaw. (Short Communications, Section B), 2930.Google Scholar
Dubinina, M. N. (1982a). Synonymization of species of the genus Bothriocephalus (Cestoda, Bothriocephalidae), parasitic in cyprinid fish of the USSR. Parazitologiya 16, 41–5. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Dubinina, M. N. (1982b). [Parasitic worms of the class Amphilinida (Platyhelminthes)]. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta Leningrad 100, 144 pp. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Esch, G. W. (1983). The population and community ecology of cestodes. In Biology of the Eucestoda, vol. 1, (ed. C., Arme and Pappas, P. W.)., London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Euzet, L. & Combes, C. (1980). Les problèmes de l'espèce chez les animaux parasites. In Les Problemes de l'espèce dans le Regne Animal, vol. 3, Mémoires de la Société zoologique de France, pp. 239285.Google Scholar
Euzet, L. & Suriano, D. M. (1977). Ligophorus n.g. (Monogenea, Ancyrocephalidae) parasite des Mugilidae (Téléostéens) en Méditerranée. Bulletin du Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, 3eserie no. 472, Zoologie 329, 799822.Google Scholar
Euzet, L., Swiderski, Z. & Mokhtar-Maamouri, F. (1981). Ultrastructure comparée de spermatozöide des cestodes. Relations avec la phylogénèse. Annales de Parasitologic Humaine et Comparée 56, 247–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Euzet, L. & Vala, J. C. (1977). Monogenes Parasites de Mullidae (Teleostei) des cotes de la Guadeloupe. In Excerta parasitologica en memoria del Doctor Eduardo Caballero y Caballero, pp 3544.Google Scholar
Finlayson, J. E. (1982). The alleged alternation of sexual phases in Khunia scombri, a monogenean of Scomber scombrus. Parasitology 84, 303–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischthal, J. H., Carson, D. O. & Vaught, R. S. (1982a). Comparative allometry of size of the digenetic trematode Bucephalus gorgon (Linton, 1905) Eckmann, 1932 (Bucephalidae) in two sites of infection in the marine fish Seriola dumerili (Risso). Journal of Parasitology 68, 173–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischthal, J. H., Carson, D. O. & Vaught, R. S. (1982b). Comparative size allometry of the digenetic trematode Lissorchis attenuatus (Monorchiidae) at four intensities of infection in the white sucker. Journal of Parasitology 68, 314–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, R. S. (1973). Ontogeny of cestodes and its bearing on their phylogeny and systematics. Advances in Parasitology 11, 481557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freeman, R. S. (1982). How did tapeworms get that way? Bulletin of the Canadian Society of Zoologists 13, 58.Google Scholar
Fricke, H. & Fricke, S. (1977). Monogamy and sex change by aggressive dominance in coral reef fish. Nature, London 266, 830–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fried, B. & Leiby, D. A. (1982). Intraspecific and interspecific pairing of Haematoloechus medioplexus (Trematoda) and Echinostoma revolutum (Trematoda) adults in vitro and observations on H. medioplexus lipophilic excretory-secretory products. Parasitology 84, 375–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ginetsinskaya, T. A. & Dobrovol'skii, A. A. (1978). [Special parasitology. Volume 1. Parasitic protozoa and platyhelminths. Volume 2. Parasitic worms, molluscs and arthropods]. Moscow, USSR, Vysshaya Shkola. Vol. 1. 304 pp., vol. 2, 296 pp. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Grundmann, A. W., Warnock, R. G. & Wassom, D. L. (1976). Some mechanisms of natural regulation of parasitic helminth populations. American Midland Naturalist 95, 347–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, A. (1982). Intestinal helminths of man: the interpretation of egg counts. Parasitology 85, 605–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halvorsen, O. & Williams, H. H. (1967/1968). Studies on the helminth fauna of Norway, IX. Gyrocotyle (Platyhelminthes) in Chimaera monstrosa from Oslo Fjord, with emphasis on its mode of attachment and a regulation in the degree of infection. Nytt Magasin for Zoologi 15, 130–42.Google Scholar
Harris, J. E. (1970). Precipitin production by chu (Leuciscus cephalus) to an intestinal helminth. Journal of Parasitology 56, 1035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, J. E. (1972). The immune response of cyprinid fish to infections of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis. International Journal for Parasitology 2, 459–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haswell, W. A. (1902). On a Gyrocotyle from Chimaera ogilbyi, and on Gyrocotyle in general. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 27, 4854.Google Scholar
Holmes, J. C. & Price, P. W. (1980). Parasite communities: the roles of phylogeny and ecology. Systematic Zoology 29, 203–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, J. C., Hobbs, R. P. & Leong, T. S. (1977). Populations in perspective: community organisation and regulation of parasite populations. In Regulation of Parasite Populations, (ed. Esch, G. W.), pp. 209245. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hungerbühler, M. (1910). Studien an Gyrocotyle und Cestoden. Denkschriften der medizinische naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 16, 495552.Google Scholar
Hyman, L. H. (1951). The Invertebrates. Vol. 2. Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela. The Acoelomate Bilateria. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Imada, R. & Muroga, K. (1978). Pseudodactylogyrus microchis (Monogenea) on the gills of cultured eels—II. Oviposition, hatching and development on the host. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 44, 571–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iygis, V. (1978). An unusual type of cestode development as exemplified by the dioecious species Dioecocestus asper (Cyclophyllidea: Acoleidae). Eesti NSV Teaduste akadeemia Toimetised (Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Estonskoi SSR) Bioloogia 27, 31–7. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Justine, J. L. & Mattei, X. (1983a). A spermatozoon with two 9 + 0 axonemes in a parasitic flatworm, Didymozoon (Digenea: Didymozoidae). Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology 15, 1101–5.Google Scholar
Justine, J. L. & Mattei, X. (1983b). Comparative ultrastructural study of spermiogenesis in mono-geneans (flatworms), 2. Heterocotyle (Monopisthocotylea, Monocotylidae). Journal of Ultrastructure Research 84, 213–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Justine, J. L. & Mattei, X. (1983c). Comparative ultrastructural study of spermiogenesis in mono-geneans (flatworms). 3. Two species of Amphibdelloides (Monopisthocotylea, Amphibdellatidae). Journal of Ultrastructure Research 84, 224–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Justine, J. L. & Mattei, X. (1984). Ultrastructure du spermatozoiüde du monogène Hexastoma (Polyopisthocotylea, Hexastomatidae). Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 59, 227–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kabata, Z. (1979). Parasitic Copepoda of British Fishes. Ray Society Monograph No. 152. Kennedy, C. R. (1969). Seasonal incidence and developement of the cestode Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Pallas) in the river Avon. Parasitology 59, 783–94.Google Scholar
Kennedy, C. R. (1971). The effect of temperature upon the establishment and survival of the cestode Caryophyllaeus laticeps in orfe, Leuciscus idus. Parasitology 63, 5966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, C. R. (1977). The regulation of fish parasite populations, In Regulation of Parasite Populations (ed. Esch, G. W.), pp. 63109. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, C. R. (1983). General Ecology. In Biology of the Eucestoda, vol. 1 (ed. Arme, C. and Pappas, P. W.), pp. 2780. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, C. R. (1984). Host-parasite interrelationships: strategies of coexistence and coevolution. In Producers and Scroungers, Strategies of Exploitation and Parasitism (ed. Barnard, C. J.), pp. 3460.London and Sydney: Croom Helm; New York: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, C. R. (1985). Interactions of fish and parasite populations: to perpetuate or pioneer? In Ecology and Genetics of Host-Parasite Interactions. Linnean Society Symposium Series, vol. 11 (ed. Rollinson, D. and Anderson, R. M.), pp. 120. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kennedy, C. R. & Walker, P. J. (1969). Evidence for an immune response by dace, Leuciscus leuciscus, to infections by the cestode Caryophyllaeus laticeps. Journal of Parasitology 55, 579–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kennedy, M. J. (1981). A revision of species of the genus Haematoloechus Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Haematoloechidae) from Canada and the United States. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59, 1836–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keymer, A. (1982a). Density-dependent mechanisms in the regulation of intestinal helminth populations. Parasitology 84, 573–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Keymer, A. (1982b). Tapeworm infections. In The Population Dynamics of Infectious Diseases: Theory and Applications (ed. Anderson, R. M.), pp. 109–38. New York: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinne, O. (1980). Diseases of Marine Animals, Vol. 1. General Aspects, Protozoa to Gastropoda. London: Wiley. Koopowitz, H. (1973). Organisation of primitive nervous systems. Neuromuscular physiology of Gyrocotyle urna, a parasitic flatworm. Biological Bulletin 144, 489502.Google Scholar
Kbasnoshechekov, G. P. (1980). The cercomer, the larval organ of cestodes. Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii 41, 615–27. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Kritscher, E. (1976). Echinorhynchus variabilis Diesing 1851 nee 1856 = Octospinifer variabilis (Diesing 1851) nov. comb. (Acanthocephala, Neoechinorhynchidae). (2. Beitrag zur Kenntnis siida-merikanischer Fischparasiten.) Annalen Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 80, 443–9.Google Scholar
Ktari, M. H. (1977). Le parasitisme d'echeneis naucrates L. (poisson-téléostéen) par deux monogenes (Monopisthocotylea) du genre Dionchus: D. agassizi Goto, 1899 et D. remorae MacCallum, 1916. In Excerta parasitologia en memoria del Doctor Eduardo Caballero y Caballero, pp. 61–67.Google Scholar
Lancaster, M. B., Hong, C. & Michel, J. F. (1983). Polymorphism in the Trichostrongylidae. In Concepts in Nematode Sytematics. Systematics Assocation Special, vol. 22, (ed. Stone, A. R., Platt, H. M. and Khalil, L. F.). pp. 293302. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Land, J.van der, . (1967). Crobylphorus Kroyer, 1852 and Crobylophorus chimaerae Kroyer, 1852 (Cestoda or Monogenea, Gyrocotylida): proposed suppression under the plenary powers. Z.N.(S) 1790. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 24, 123–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Land, J.van der, & Dienske, H. (1968). Two new species of Gyrocotyle (Monogenea) from chimaerids (Holocephali). Zoologische Mededelingen Uitgegeven door het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie le Leiden 43, 97105.Google Scholar
Land, J.van der, & Templeman, W. (1968). Two new species of Gyrocotyle (Monogenea) from Hydrolagus affinis (Brito Capello) (Holocephali). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25, 2365–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lebedev, B. I. (1979). Some aspects of monogenean ecology and evolution. Zhurnal Obschei Biologii 40, 271–81. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Le Jambre, L. F. (1979). Hybridization studies of Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) and H. placei (Place, 1893) (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae). International Journal for Parasitology 9, 455–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, S. Y. & Hsu, H. F. (1949). On the frequency distribution of parasitic helminths in their naturally infected hosts. Journal of Parasitology 37, 3241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lie Kian Joe, , Lim, H. H. & Ow-Yang, C. K. (1973). Antagonism between Echinostoma audyi and Echinostoma hystricosum in the snail Lymnaea rubiginosa with a discussion on patterns of trematode interaction. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 4, 504–8.Google Scholar
Linton, E. (1924). Gyrocotyle plana sp.nov. with notes on South African cestodes of fishes. Union of South Africa Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey. Report No. 3, Spec. Rept. 8, 127.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, J. (1965). The evolution of parasitic platyhelminths. In Evolution of Parasites, Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology, vol. 3 (ed. Taylor, A. E. R.), 4778.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, J. (1972). Behaviour of monogeans. In Behavioural Aspects of Parasite Transmission, Supplement 1 to the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 51 (ed. Canning, E. U. and Wright, C. A.), pp. 1930. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Llewellyn, J. (1982). Host-specificity and corresponding evolution in monogenean flatworms and vertebrates. Mémoires du Museum National d'histoire Naturelle, Ser. A, Zoologie 123, 289293.Google Scholar
Logachev, E. D. (1976). Evolution of digestive function in cestodes and a hypothesis on their origin from Acoela-like ancestors. In Evolyutsionnaya morfologiya bespozvonochnykh zhivotnykh. (Sbornik nauchnykh trudov). pp. 3031. Leningrad, USSR: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Zoologicheskii Institut.Google Scholar
Lönnberg, E. (1891). Anatomische Studien iiber Skandinavische Cestoden. Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar 24, 1109.Google Scholar
Löses, E. (1965). Der Feinbau des Oogonotop bei Cestoden. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde 25, 413–58.Google Scholar
Lynch, J. E. (1945). Redescription of the species of Gyrocotyle from the Ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei (Lay and Bennet), with notes on the morphology and taxonomy of the genus. Journal of Parasitology 31, 418–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyons, K. M. (1966). The chemical nature and evolutionary significance of monogeanean attachment sclerites. Parasitology 56, 63100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacDonald, G. (1965). The dynamics of helminth infections with special references to schistosomes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59, 489506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mackiewicz, J. S. (1982a). Caryophyllidea (Cestoidea): perspectives. Parasitology 84, 397417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackiewicz, J. S. (1982b). Parasitic platyhelminth evolution and systematics: perspectives and advances since ICOPA IV, 1978. In Parasites-Their World and Ours. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Parasitology (ed. Mettrick, D. F. and Desser, S. S.), pp. 179188. Amsterdam: Elsevier Biomedical Press.Google Scholar
Mackiewicz, J. S. (1984). Cercomer theory: significance of sperm morphology, oncosphere metamorphosis, polarity reversal, and the cercomer to evolutionary relationships of Monogenea to Cestoidea. Acta Parasitologica Polonica 29, 1121.Google Scholar
McVicar, A. H. & Fletcher, T. C. (1970). Serum factors in Raja radiata toxic to Acanthobothrium quadripartitum (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea), a parasite specific to R. naevus. Parasitology 61, 5563.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madhavi, R. (1974). Cannabilism in a digenetic trematode. Journal of Parasitology 60, 869.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malmberg, G. (1974). On the larval protonephridial system of Gyrocotyle and evolution of Cerco-meromorphae (Platyhelminthes). Zoological Scripta 3, 6581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malmberg, G. (1979). The hyperparasitic post larval stages of Gyrocotyle. In Proceedings of the 9th Symposium of the Scandinavian Society for Parasitology, (ed. Bylund, G.). Information Institute of Parasitology, Abo Akademi, Finland 15, 37–8.Google Scholar
Malmberg, G. (1982). On evolutionary processes in Monogenea, though basically from a less traditionally viewpoint. In Parasites-Their World and Ours. Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Parasitology, (ed. Mettrick, D. F. and Desser, S. S.), pp. 198202. Amsterdam: Elsevier Biomedical Press.Google Scholar
Malmberg, G. (1986). The major parasite platyhelminth classes - progressive or regressive evolution? Hydrobiologia 132, 23–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manter, H. W. (1943). One species of trematode, Neorenifer grandispinus (Caballero, 1938) attacked by another, Mesocercaria marcianae (La Rue, 1917). Journal of Parasitology 29, 387–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manter, H. W. (1951). Studies on Gyrocotyle rugosa Diesing, 1850, a cestodarian parasite of the elephant fish, Callorhynchus milii. Zoology Publications from Victoria University College 17, 111.Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1978). The Evolution of Sex. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1942). Systematics and the Origin of Species. New York: Columbia Univeristy Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1963). Animal Species and Evolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyazaki, I., Terasaki, K. & Habe, S. (1981). Comparison of single-worm infection to cats between Paragonimus westermani and P. pulmonalis. Medical Bulletin of the Fukuoka University 8, 405–16. (In Japanese.)Google Scholar
Molnar, K. (1977). On the synonyms of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934. Parasitologia Hungarica 10, 61–2.Google Scholar
Monticelli, F. S. (1889). Gyrocotyle Diesing Amphiptyches Wagener. Atti della Reale Academia (Nazionale) dei Lincei. Rendiconti, Ser. IV. 5, 228–30.Google Scholar
Monticelli, F. S. (1892). Appunti sui Cestodaria. Societa Reale di Napoli Atti dell' Reale Academia Della Scienze Fisiche e Matematiche Serie Seconda 5, 111.Google Scholar
Noble, E. R. & Noble, G. A. (1976). Parasitology. The Biology of Animal Parasites. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; London: Kimpton.Google Scholar
Noisi, D. & Euzet, L. (1979). Microhabitat branchial de deux Microcotylidae (Monogenea) parasites de Diplodus sargus (Teleostei, Sparidae). Revista Iberica de Parasitologia 39, 8193 (In French.)Google Scholar
Nollen, P. M. (1983). Patterns of sexual reproduction among parasitic platyhelminths. In The Reproductive Biology of Parasites. Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology, vol. 20 (ed. Whitfield, P. J.). Parasitology 86 (4), 99120.Google Scholar
Ogawa, K. & Egusa, S. (1978). Two new species of the genus Tetraonchus (Monogenea: Tetraonchidae) from cultured Onchorhynchus masou. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 44, 305–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver, G. (1976). New observations on the biology and ecology of Diplectanidae (Monogenea, Monopisthocoltylea). In Memorium B. E. Bikhovskii. Trudy Biologo-Pochvennogo Instituta (issle-dovaniya monogenticheskikh sosal'shchikov, Novaya Seriya 34, 104–9 (In Russian.).Google Scholar
Olsson, P. (1896). Sur Chimaera monstrosa et ses parasites. Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 9, 499512.Google Scholar
Oshmarin, P. G. (1978). Fecundity and the phylogenesis of cestodes. Ekologiya Gel'mintov, Yaroslavl', USSR No. 2, 4051. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Parker, G. A. (1984). The producer/scrounger model and sexuality. In Producers and Scroungers: Strategies of Exploitation and Parasitism (ed. Barnard, C. J.), pp. 127153. London and Sydney: Croom Helm.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, T. J. & Haswell, W. A. (1943). A Textbook of Zoology, vol. 2, 6th Edn (revised by C. Forster-Cooper). London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Parkhouse, R. M. E. (1984). Parasite Evasion of the Immune Response, vol. 21, Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology, Parasitology 88(4), pp. 571682.Google Scholar
Patterson, C. (1965). The phytogeny of the chimaeroids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series 249, 101219.Google Scholar
Perkins, K. W. (1956). Studies on the morphology and biology of Acetodextra amiuri (Stafford) (Trematoda; Heterophyidae). American Midland Naturalist 55, 139–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popova, T. I. & Gichenok, L. A. (1980). On the possible occurrence of an intermediate host in the life-cycle of monogeneans. Moskovskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet, Moscow, 7984.Google Scholar
Price, P. W. (1980). Evolutionary Biology of Parasites. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Renaud, F., Gabrion, C. & Romestand, B. (1984). Le complexe Bothriocephalus scorpii (Meuller, 1776). Différentiation des especes parasite du Turbot (Psetta maxima) et de la Barbue (Scophthalmus rhombus). Etude des fractions protéïques et des complexes antigeniques. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee 59, 143–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riley, J. & Owen, R. W. (1975). Competition between two closely related Tetrabothrius cestodes of the fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis L.). Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde 46, 221–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rohde, K. (1977). Species diversity of monogenean gill parasites of fish on the Great Barrier Reef. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium, May 1977, Miami, Florida, USA, 585–91.Google Scholar
Rohde, K. (1979). A critical evaluation of intrinsic and extrinsic factors responsible for niche restriction in parasites. American Naturalist 114, 684–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohde, K. (1982). Ecology of Marine Parasites. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press.Google Scholar
Roitman, V. A. & Kazakov, B. E. (1977). Some aspects of the study of morphological variability of helminths using trematodes from the genus Azygia as examples. Trudy Gel'mintologisheskoi Laboratorii (Tsestody i trematody, morfologiya, sistematika i ekologiya) 27, 110129 (In Russian).Google Scholar
Ruskowski, J. S. (1932). Badania nad Rozwajem i budowq tasiemcow morskich. Czese II. O kilku larwach Gyrocotyle urna (Gr et Wagen)-Etudes sur le cycle evolutif et sur la structure des cestodes de mer. IIième partie. Sur les larves de Gyrocotyle urna (Gr. et Wagen). Bulletin de l'académie Polonaise des Sciences et des Lettres, Cracovie, Classes des Sciences Mathematiques et Naturelles. Ser B, Sci. Nat. 11, 629–41.Google Scholar
Schmidt, G. D. (1970). The Tapeworms. Dubuque, Iowa: Brown. Scott, M. E. (1985). Experimental epidemiology of Gyrodactylus bullatarttdis (Monogenea) on guppies (Poecilia reticulata): short and long term studies. In Ecology and Genetics of Host-Parasite Interactions. Linnean Society Symposium Series II (ed. Rollinson, D. and Anderson, R. M.), pp. 2138. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Serov, V. G. (1984). Fecundity of Acanihocephalus lucii (Echinorhynchidae). Parazitologiya 18, 280–5.Google Scholar
Simmons, J. E. (1974). Gyrocotyle: a century-old enigma. In Symbiosis in the Sea (ed. Vernberg, W. B.), pp. 195218. Charleston: University of South Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Simmons, J. E. & Laubie, J. S. (1972). A study of Gyrocotyle in the San Juan Archipelago, Puget Sound, USA, with observations on the host, Hydrolagus colliei (Lay and Bennett). International Journal for Parasitology 2, 5977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skryabina, E. S. (1978). Morphological variability of acanthocephalans of the genus Neoechinor-hynchus (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae), parasites from the Arctic Sea Province of the USSR. Parazitologiya 12, 512–22 (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Skryabina, E. S. (1979). N eoechinorhynchus rutili (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) of fish from the glacial sea littoral zone and the Amur (intermediate) zone. Trudy Gel'mintolgicheskoi Laboratorii (Gel'minty zhivotnykh i rastenii) 29, 131–5 (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Smith, J. W. (1972). The blood flukes (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae and Spirorchidae) of cold-blooded vertebrates and some comparisons with schistosomes. Helminthological Abstracts 41, 161204.Google Scholar
Smyth, J. D. & Halton, D. W. (1983). The Physiology of Trematodes, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Soluka, B. V., Balakhnin, I. A. & Davydov, O. N. (1981). Evaluation of the regulatory role of the fish-host on cestode numbers. Materialy Nauchnoi Konferentsii Vsesoyuznogo Obshchestva GeV-mintologov 33, 6973.Google Scholar
Spencer, W. B. (1889). The anatomy of Amphiptyches urna (Grube and Wagener). Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria 1, 138–51.Google Scholar
Spengel, J. W. (1905). Die Monozootie der Cestoden. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Zoologie 82, 252–87.Google Scholar
Spboston, N. G. (1946). A synopsis of the monogenetic trematodes. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 25, 185600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stahl, B. J. (1967). Morphology and relationships of the Holocephali with special reference to the venous system. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 135, 141213.Google Scholar
Strong, D. R. (1983). Natural variability and the manifold mechanisms of ecological communities. The American Naturalist 122, 636–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stunkard, H. W. (1967). Platyhelminthic parasites of invertebrates. Journal of Parasitology 53, 673–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stunkard, H. W. (1970). Trematode parasites of insular and relict vertebrates. Journal of Parasitology 56, 1041–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sulgostowska, T. (1976). Histology and histogenesis of the reproductive system in hermaphroditic cestodes with a tendency to dioeciousness and in dioecious forms. Zeszyty Naukowe Szkoly Glownej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego Akademii Rolniczej w Warszawi, Rozprawy Naukowe No. 84. (In Polish.)Google Scholar
Swiderski, A. & Mokhtab-Maamoubi, F. (1980). Étude de la spermatogénèse de Bothriocephalus clavibothrium Ariola, 1899 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea). Archives de l'Institut Pasteur de Tunis 57, 323–47.Google Scholar
Szidat, L. (1968). Estudio de la morfologia y del desarrollo protandrico de Amphiptyches maxima (MacDonagh, 1927). Cestodario del intestino helicoidal de Callorhynchus callorhynchus (L) del Atlantico sur. Comunicaciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’ e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de la Ciencias Naturales, Parasitologia 1, 4960.Google Scholar
Tinsley, R. C. (1983). Ovoviviparity in platyhelminth life-cycles. In The Reproductive Biology of Parasites. Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology, vol 20 (ed. Whitfield, P. J.). Parasitology 86(4), 161–96.Google Scholar
Tinsley, R. C. & Owen, R. W. (1975). Studies on the biology of Protopolystoma xenopodis (Mono-genoidea): the oncomiracidium and life-cycle. Parasitology 71, 445–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uznanski, R. L. & Nickol, B. B. (1982). Site selection, growth and survival of Levtorhynchoides thecatus (Acanthocephala) during the prepatent period in Lepomis cyanellus. Journal of Parasitology 68, 686–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagener, G. R. (1852). Uber einen neuen in der Chimaera monstrosa gefunden eingeweide Wurm, Amphiptyches urna Grube and Wagener. Archiv fur Anatomie und Physiologie, 543–54.Google Scholar
Ward, H. B. (1912). Some points on the general anatomy of Gyrocotyle. Zoologische Jahrbücher Suppl. xv. (Festschrift 60 Geburtstag J. W. Spengel) 2, 717–34.Google Scholar
Wardle, R. A. (1932). The Cestoda of Canadian Fishes. I. The Pacific Coast region. Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries 7, 221–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wardle, R. A. & McLeod, J. A. (1952). The Zoology of Tapeworms. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Watson, E. E. (1911). The genus Gyrocotyle and its significance for problems of cestode structure and phylogeny. University of California Publications in Zoology 6, 353468.Google Scholar
Wharton, D. A. (1983). The production and functional morphology of helminth egg-shells. In The Reproductive Biology of Parasites. Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology, vol. 20 (ed. Whitfield, P. J.). Parasitology 86(4), 8597.Google Scholar
Whitfield, P. M. & Evans, N. A. (1983). Parthenogenesis and asexual multiplication among parasitic platyhelminths. In The Reproductive Biology of Parasites. Symposia of the British Society for Parasitology, vol. 20 (ed. Whitfield, P. J.). Parasitology 86(4), 121–60.Google Scholar
Williams, H. H. & Halvorsen, O. (1971). The incidence and degree of infection of Gadus morhua L. 1758 with Abothrium gadi Beneden 1871 (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea). Norwegian Journal of Zoology 19, 193–9.Google Scholar
Williams, H. H. & Halvorsen, O. (1982). Are there sympatric species of Gyrocotyle in Chimaera monstrosa and is Gyrocotyloides a fantasy? Fifth International Congress of Parasitology, Toronto. Suppl. 336–7.Google Scholar
Willmott, S. M. (1981). Evolution of helminths. (Workshop Proceedings, EMOP 3), Parasitology 82, 161–74.Google Scholar
Winch, J. (1983). The biology of Atrispinum labracis n. comb. (Monogenea) on the gills of the bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Journal of the Marine Biological Association 63, 915–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yakushev, V. Y. & Freze, V. I. (1984). [Experimental study of regulatory mechanisms in the system Coregonus albula-Proteocephalus]. Materialy Nauchnoi Konferentsii Vsesoyuznogo Obshchestva Gel'-mintologov (Biologiya taksonomiya gel'mintov zhivotnykh i cheloveka) 34, 8392. (In Russian.)Google Scholar
Yamaguti, S. (1959). Systema Helminthum. Vol. 2. The Cestodes of Vertebrates. New York: Interscience.Google Scholar