The investigation of a topological, uniform or proximity space endowed with a preordering is by now well established. A topological space along with a preordering related to the topology in varying degrees has been studied, for example, in (3), (4), (5) and (6). ‘Uniform preordered spaces’ and ‘Proximity preordered spaces’ have been considered in (6) and (8) respectively. In each of these cases generalizations of varying proportions of the classical theories have been obtained.

A theory of light propagation consistent with our present cosmological views is investigated in the context of a uniformly expanding universe. It leads to the relativistic equivalence of fundamental observers and also provides a natural substratum associated with an observable fundamental reference frame for every locality of the universe. Special Relativity emerges as a theory satisfying the observable universe.

The model provides a quantitative interpretation of the recent findings in radio and optical astronomy. It has the advantage of simplicity and its approach may assist in an understanding of what is happening in the mathematics of more sophisticated systems.

In the recent article [2], a kind of connected link diagram called adequate was investigated, and it was shown that the Jones polynomial is never trivial for such a diagram. Here, on the other hand, upper bounds are considered for the breadth of the Jones polynomial of an arbitrary connected diagram, thus extending some of the results of [1,4,5]. Also, in Theorem 2 below, a characterization is given of those connected, prime diagrams for which the breadth of the Jones polynomial is one less than the number of crossings; recall from [1,4,5] that the breadth equals the number of crossings if and only if that diagram is reduced alternating. The article is concluded with a simple proof, using the Jones polynomial, of W. Menasco's theorem [3] that a connected, alternating diagram cannot represent a split link. We shall work with the Kauffman bracket polynomial 〈D〉 ∈ Z[A, A−1 of a link diagram D.

We classified the set of Fm-cobordism classes of Fm-links by their Seifert matrices in [5]. On the other hand Cappell and Shaneson identified them with essentially a quotient group of their homology surgery obstruction group [2]. In this paper, we will find a description of their surgery obstruction in terms of a Seifert matrix. In relation to Ledimet's recent results [7], we hope this might provide some clue to whether Fm-cobordism or boundary cobordism is stronger than ordinary link cobordism. It also seems to be an interesting algebraic question to find an algorithm for obtaining a Seifert matrix from their surgery obstruction.

We give an algebraic and topological interpretation of essential coordinate components of characteristic varieties and illustrate their importance with an example.

Three distinct methods are used to obtain exact expressions for various characteristics of a particular asymmetric two-dimensional random walk. The results obtained include, for the transient unrestricted walk, the probability of return to the starting-point and the average number of arrivals at the general lattice point; and, for a walk restricted within a rectangular absorbing barrier, the average number of arrivals at any accessible point and the absorption probabilities on the boundary. Whilst there is some duplication of results by using the three different methods of analysis, this is not extensive and provides a useful check on the results. Also the methods are of some general interest in themselves.

This paper deals with some details of the application of the Lorentz-Dirac equations of motion of an electron to two simple cases, (a) with no incident field, and (b) with an incident pulse of radiation. In case (a), the field-energy distribution in the self-accelerating motion of the electron when the electron has built up a velocity close to the velocity of light is considered. Numerical and graphical methods are used to form a picture showing how the field energy tends to be concentrated in a disk for this state of motion. A discontinuity of the advanced field variables of the self-accelerating electron is also examined. In case (b), the general solution of the equations of motion for the velocity of the electron is worked out accurately. In the physical solution, this brings out the effects of radiation damping when the pulse has great intensity. Some aspects of the non-physical solutions are pointed out.

Let K be a field of characteristic zero and let R = K[X1, . . .,Xn], with standard grading. Let ${\mathfrak m}$ = (X1, . . ., Xn) and let E be the *injective hull of R/${\mathfrak m}$. Let An(K) be the nth Weyl algebra over K. Let I, J be homogeneous ideals in R. Fix i, j ≥ 0 and set M = HiI(R) and N = HjJ(R) considered as left An(K)-modules. We show the following two results for which no analogous result is known in charactersitc p > 0.

1. (i) $H^l_{\mathfrak m}$(TorRν(M, N)) ≅ E(n)al,ν for some al,ν ≥ 0.

2. (ii) For all ν ≥ 0; the finite dimensional vector space TorAn(K)ν(M♯, N) is concentrated in degree -n (here M♯ is the standard right An(K)-module associated to M).

Let G be a finite solvable group and A a group of automorphisms of G such that (|A|, |G|) = 1. We denote by h(G) the Fitting height of G and by l(A) the length of the longest chain of subgroups of A. Then, under some additional hypotheses, it is known from [5] that h(G) ≤ 2l(A) + h(CG(A)) and from [8] that, when CG(A) = 1, h(G) ≤ l(A), both results being best possible (see [6, 7]). The present paper attempts to explain the difference in the coefficient of l(A) in the two inequalities, from 2 to 1.

In this paper we describe the 2-category 2Mat of 2-matrices, i.e., a strict totally coordinatized version of the 2-category 2Vect of Kapranov and Voevodsky finite dimensional 2-vector spaces, analogous to the category Mat of matrices which appears as the coordinatized version of the category Vect of finite dimensional vector spaces. In particular, explicit formulas for the composition of 1-morphisms and the two compositions between 2-morphisms are given.

MacMahon (5) used his “Master Theorem”, which is stated in the preceding note (4), in order to obtain an elegant proof of Dixon's identity

In this paper, we investigate cycle integrals of weakly holomorphic modular forms. We show that these integrals coincide with the cycle integrals of classical cusp forms. We use these results to define a Shintani lift from integral weight weakly holomorphic modular forms to half-integral weight holomorphic modular forms.

Of all sets lying within a given convex plane set S, which one gives the greatest ratio of area A to perimeter P? This was posed to one of us by E. Bombieri for the case when S is a square. He asserted that T. Bang used an easy upper bound on A/P in an elementary proof of the Prime Number Theorem. After solving this problem from scratch, we learned from M. Silver that Besicovitch (1) had solved a closely related problem, which we call Besicovitch's problem and which will be discussed shortly. Later, we found that the problem of maximizing A/P had occurred to Garvin (4, 5) and that he solved the problem when S is a triangle. Garvin inspired DeMar (2) to consider and solve Besicovitch's problem for the triangle and for polygons. DeMar found that Steiner (8, p. 166) had solved Besicovitch's problem for triangles, but Steiner was only interested in subsets which touched all sides of a polygon (8, p. 168). More recently, J. Wills has referred us to Herz and Kaapke (6) who use Besicovitch's results to solve our problem of maximizing A/P for polygons circumscribed about a circle.

We consider domains in a simply connected space of constant negative curvature and develop a new technique that improves existing classical lower bound for Dirichlet eigenvalues obtained by H. P. McKean as well as the lower bounds recently obtained by A. Savo.

It is now well known that radium B is an isotope of lead of atomic number 82 with a mass 214, and consequently, if the atoms of radium B are bombarded by an external source of electrons, the spectrum excited in it should be identical with that of lead atomic number 82. A very interesting question arises with regard to the L radiation emitted by a source of radium B during its spontaneous transformation. At the moment of the expulsion of the disintegration electron from radium B, the internal atomic structure of radium B corresponds to an element of number 82, but an instant later, when the electron has escaped from the nucleus, the charge on the latter is 83 and there must follow a reorganisation of the external electrons. Under these conditions, we cannot be certain whether the L spectrum of radium B should correspond to an element of number 82 or 83. Since the excitation of the L spectrum is for the most part due to the action of the rays from the nucleus, the spectrum should correspond to number 82 if the emission of the γ-ray precedes the escape of the disintegration electron and number 83 if it is subsequent to this process.

In this paper we address an interesting question on the computation of the dimension of self-affine sets in Euclidean space. A well-known result of Falconer showed that under mild assumptions the Hausdorff dimension of typical self-affine sets is equal to its Singularity dimension. Heuter and Lalley subsequently presented a smaller open family of non-trivial examples for which there is an equality of these two dimensions. In this article we analyse the size of this family and present an efficient algorithm for estimating the dimension.

In this paper we will be concerned with the problem of describing the Jacobson radical of the semigroup algebra K[S] of an arbitrary semigroup S over a field K in the case where this algebra satisfies a polynomial identity. Recently, Munn characterized the radical of commutative semigroup algebras [9]. The key to his result was to show that, in this situation, the radical must be a nilideal. We are going to extend the latter to the case of PI-semigroup algebras. Further, we characterize the radical by means of the properties of S or, more precisely, by some groups derived from S. For this purpose we will exploit earlier results leading towards a characterization of semigroup algebras satisfying polynomial identities [5], [15], which generalized the well known case of group algebras (cf. [13], chap. 5).

The aim of this paper is to prove the following result:

Theorem. Let G be the group defined by the presentation

where each ui is a word in the xj and , and suppose that there is a homomorphism σ such that the orders of the elements respectively. Let If G is finite, then α−d + 1 > 0 and .

The purpose of this paper is to characterize the Orlicz vector-valued function spaces containing a copy or a complemented copy of l1. Pisier proved in [13] that if a Banach space E contains no copy of l1, then the space Lp(S, Σ, μ, E) does not contain it either, for 1 < p < ∞. We extend this result to the case of Orlicz vector valued function spaces, by reducing the problem to the situation considered by Pisier. Next, we pass to study the problem of embedding l1 as a complemented subspace of LΦ(E). We obtain a complete characterization when E is a Banach lattice and only partial results in case of a general Banach space. We use here in a crucial way a result of E. Saab and P. Saab concerning the embedding of l1 as a complemented subspace of C(K, E), the Banach space of all the E-valued continuous functions on the compact Hausdorff space K (see [14]). Finally, we use these results to characterize several classes of Banach spaces for which LΦ(E) has some Banach space properties, namely the reciprocal Dunford-Pettis property and Pelczyński's V property.