Superior semi-circular canal dehiscence syndrome is a disorder characterised by auditory and vestibular symptoms that can significantly impact quality of life, and yet it has no disease-specific quality of life instrument.

Thirty-six patients who underwent transmastoid superior semicircular canal resurfacing and plugging were included from an initial cohort of 60 surgically managed patients. A sub-cohort of 19 consecutive patients completed validated symptom and quality of life questionnaires before and after surgery. Of the 36 patients, 31 participated in a telephone semi-structured interview post-operatively.

Following surgery, there was a statistically significant improvement in autophony index score (p = 0.02), symptom severity score (p < 0.001) and sound hypersensitivity (p = 0.01). Thematic analysis of telephone interviews suggested three main symptom themes: auditory hypersensitivity, dysequilibrium, headache and concentration difficulties. Dysequilibrium was found to persist post-operatively.

Surgery improves overall symptoms and quality of life. However, important symptom themes may be overlooked using the outcome measures that are currently available. A unified disease-specific outcome measure is urgently required to better understand the impact of symptoms and measure treatment effects.

This meta-analysis provides a quantitative measure of the otorhinolaryngological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 in children.

A structured literature review was carried out using PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central, employing pertinent search terms. The statistical analysis was performed using Stata version 14.2 software, and the analysed data were expressed as the pooled prevalence of the symptoms with 95 per cent confidence intervals.

The commonest symptoms noted were cough (38 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval = 33–42; I2 = 97.5 per cent)), sore throat (12 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval =10–14; I2 = 93.7 per cent)), and nasal discharge (15 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval = 12–19; I2 = 96.9 per cent)). Anosmia and taste disturbances showed a pooled prevalence of 8 per cent each. Hearing loss, vertigo and hoarseness were rarely reported.

Cough, sore throat and nasal discharge were the commonest otorhinolaryngological symptoms in paediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Compared with adults, anosmia and taste disturbances were infrequently reported in children.

Otitis externa accounts for 1.1–1.3 per cent of patient presentations in primary care and 25 per cent of urgent referrals to ENT. This study aimed to explore otitis externa clinical decision-making at the primary-secondary care interface, otitis externa prevalence and recent trends in antimicrobial resistance in otitis externa related bacterial isolates and ototopical prescribing.

This is a mixed-methods study drawing on data from primary and secondary care and open National Health Service sources.

A total of 101 general practitioner survey respondents reported frequently prescribing oral antibiotics for otitis externa. General practitioner consultations for otitis externa increased 25 per cent over 15 years. General practitioner ototopical preparations cost the National Health Service £7 410 440 in 2006 and £11 325 241 in 2016. A total of 162 consecutive hospital otitis externa-related bacterial isolates yielded 128 pseudomonas species, with 18 that were resistant to gentamicin and 7 that were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Ten guidelines reviewed showed systematic inconsistencies.

General practitioners reported regularly prescribing oral antibiotics for otitis externa. Antimicrobial drug resistance is common in otitis externa. The available guidance is suboptimal.

This study seeks the opinions of qualified doctors on what they feel medical students should learn about otolaryngology. It aims to identify both the content deemed relevant and the performance levels for medical students in otolaryngology.

A national survey developed from a content analysis of undergraduate otolaryngology curricula from the UK was undertaken, accompanied by a review of the literature and input from an expert group. Data were collected from a wide range of doctors.

Participants felt that graduating students should be able to: recognise, assess and initiate management for common and life-threatening acute conditions; take an appropriate patient history; and perform an appropriate examination for the majority of otolaryngology clinical conditions but manage only a select few.

This study reports performance levels for otolaryngology topics at an undergraduate level. Participating doctors felt that a higher level of performance should be expected of students treating life-threatening, acute and common otolaryngology conditions.

Cholesteatoma is a benign but destructive epithelial lesion in the middle ear and/or mastoid. It is hard to translate data from previous research to daily clinical practice. In this study, factors influencing recurrence rates in daily clinical practice were identified.

The study included 67 patients who were treated for a cholesteatoma with combined approach tympanoplasty. The average follow-up time was 35 months.

The recurrence rate was 23.3 per cent in adults and 45.5 per cent in children. Predictors of recurrence were younger age and a low tegmen. A cholesteatoma in a child and the simultaneous presence of a low tegmen led to recurrence in 82.8 per cent of the patients.

Patients – especially children – with a low tegmen have an increased risk of recurrence. It is recommended that ENT surgeons be aware of recurrence in children, particularly in the case of a low tegmen.

Current evidence suggests there is no difference between endoscopic laser surgery and radiotherapy with regards to oncological outcomes of early laryngeal cancer. Patient management may therefore be directed towards voice and quality of life outcomes. This systematic review compares functional outcomes with respect to voice character, swallowing outcomes and quality of life for endoscopic laser surgery versus radiotherapy for T1 and T2 stage laryngeal carcinoma.

Search terminology was designed by both authors and used in Cochrane, PubMed and Web of Science databases. Studies of adult patients treated for primary T1 and T2 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma utilising one objective (validated) measure of quality of life, swallowing or voice were included.

Initial searches identified 1767 studies. After inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, 42 studies were identified for full-text review.

This review concluded that neither treatment is clearly advantageous. Future research should be composed of further prospective studies that use a standardised assessment regime to allow valid comparison.

The past two decades have seen a widespread adoption of endoscopic skull base surgery with the use of nasoseptal flaps. Attention has been diverted in recent times to evaluate the quality of life of these patients.

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the available literature to compare the quality of life after endoscopic skull base surgery with or without nasoseptal flaps.

This systemic review was conducted using PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases for literature published after 2009.

The majority of studies concluded that there was no statistically significant difference in the quality of life associated with the use of nasoseptal flaps. Post-operatively, more extensive surgery, peri-operative radiotherapy, smoking and younger age were associated with poorer quality of life.

While the use of nasoseptal flaps can have negative effects on patients’ quality of life in terms of sinonasal symptoms, this systematic review found no difference in quality of life associated with the use or non-use of a nasoseptal flap.

There are gaps within current meta-analyses looking at the effects of tranexamic acid on sino-nasal surgery. This study aimed to update and summarise all current available evidence on the use of tranexamic acid in sino-nasal surgery.

A literature search was performed using four medical databases, Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline and PubMed. Data analysis was performed using dedicated meta-analysis software Review Manager (Revman).

Thirteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. The amount of blood loss and duration of surgery in tranexamic acid groups was statistically lower than placebo for both sinus and nasal surgery. Tranexamic acid improves the surgical field quality in sinus surgery but worsens the field in nasal surgery. Topical or intravenous administration of tranexamic acid in sinus surgery reduces blood loss, duration of surgery and improves the quality of the surgical field.

This study suggests that the use of tranexamic acid in sinus surgery reduces blood loss, decreases surgical duration and improves surgical field quality.

Necrotising otitis externa is a severe ear infection for which there are no established diagnostic or treatment guidelines.

This study described clinical characteristics, management and outcomes for patients managed as necrotising otitis externa cases at a UK tertiary referral centre.

A total of 58 (63 per cent) patients were classified as definite necrotising otitis externa cases, 31 (34 per cent) as probable cases and 3 (3 per cent) as possible cases. Median duration of intravenous and oral antimicrobial therapy was 6.0 weeks (0.49–44.9 weeks). Six per cent of patients relapsed a median of 16.4 weeks (interquartile range, 23–121) after stopping antimicrobials. Twenty-eight per cent of cases had complex disease. These patients were older (p = 0.042), had a longer duration of symptoms prior to imaging (p < 0.0001) and higher C-reactive protein at diagnosis (p = 0.005). Despite longer courses of intravenous antimicrobials (23 vs 14 days; p = 0.032), complex cases were more likely to relapse (p = 0.016).

A standardised case-definition of necrotising otitis externa is needed to optimise diagnosis, management and research.

To determine if otolaryngologists and audiologists of the American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery have noticed an increase in the incidence of sudden sensorineural hearing loss during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

A questionnaire was developed for the purpose of providing a cross-sectional descriptive analysis of perceived association between the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and an increase in the incidence of sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Of respondents, 63.0 per cent did not notice an increase in sudden sensorineural hearing loss during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. There was a weak positive correlation between patients identified with sudden sensorineural hearing loss and the percentage of coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients reported by each medical care provider (Spearman correlation = 0.20, 95 per cent confidence interval = 0.05–0.33). There was no association between geographical location and perceived increase in sudden sensorineural hearing loss (p = 0.38).

The majority of respondents did not perceive an increase in the incidence of sudden sensorineural hearing loss during the coronavirus pandemic, regardless of geographical region.

To determine the short- and long-term outcomes of triple semicircular canal occlusion as a potential alternative for patients with intractable Ménière's disease.

A retrospective case series was performed in university settings, enrolling patients with intractable Ménière's disease with previous maximum treatment, who underwent transmastoid, triple semicircular canal occlusion. The study documented: pre- and post-operative Dizziness Handicap Inventory scores at six weeks and one year post-treatment, pure tone audiometry, and surgical aspects.

Two female patients, aged 42 and 65 years, underwent unilateral three-semicircular-canal occlusion. Their respective Dizziness Handicap Inventory scores improved from 88 to 68 and 54 to 30 at six weeks post-operatively, with scores of 66 and 0 at one year post-treatment. The one patient with pre-existing functional hearing maintained her hearing threshold post-operatively.

Triple semicircular canal occlusion is a safe, hearing-preserving, extracranial alternative technique that can control rotatory vertigo in patients with intractable Ménière's disease, when other measures have failed.

This study evaluated the effects of the diameter of facial canal segments on the ipsilateral recurrence of idiopathic peripheral facial paralysis.

This study enrolled 20 patients with ipsilateral recurrent idiopathic peripheral facial paralysis. Measurements were made at the meatal foramen and mid-level of the labyrinthine segment and the narrowest and widest diameters of the mastoid and tympanic segments using the curved planar reformation technique with high-resolution computed tomography.

The diameters of the labyrinthine segment measured at the meatal foramen and mid-level segments and the narrowest and widest diameters of the tympanic and mastoid segments on the recurrent paralytic side were significantly smaller than the diameters of the segments on the healthy side.

The narrowness of the facial canal segments may be a risk factor in recurrent idiopathic peripheral facial paralysis.

This study aimed to assess the current literature on the safety and impact of in-office biopsy on cancer waiting times as well as review evidence regarding cost-efficacy and patient satisfaction.

A search of Cinahl, Cochrane Library, Embase, Medline, Prospero, PubMed and Web of Science was conducted for papers relevant to this study. Included articles were quality assessed and critically appraised.

Of 19 741 identified studies, 22 articles were included. Lower costs were consistently reported for in-office biopsy compared with operating room biopsy. Four complications requiring intervention were documented. In-office biopsy is highly tolerated, with a procedure abandonment rate of less than 1 per cent. When compared with operating room biopsy, it is associated with significantly reduced time-to-diagnosis and time-to-treatment initiation. It is linked to improved overall three-year survival.

In-office biopsy is a safe procedure that may help certain patients avoid general anaesthetic. It was shown to significantly reduce time-to-diagnosis and time-to-treatment initiation when compared with operating room biopsy. This may have important implications for oncological outcomes. In-office biopsy requires fewer resources and is likely to be cost-saving five-years following introduction. With high rates of sensitivity and specificity, in-office biopsy should be considered as the first-line procedure to achieve tissue diagnosis.

Cochlear implant is the standard treatment of choice for children and adults with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. The main objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding cochlear implant among doctors other than otolaryngologists in a tertiary care academic institution.

A 24-item knowledge, attitude and practices questionnaire was developed based on an extensive literature review and expert opinion and was administered to 100 non-otolaryngologists in a tertiary care academic institution to be completed in about 15 minutes. The data obtained was analysed to assess knowledge, attitude and practices regarding cochlear implant in this group.

The results showed that awareness regarding the option of cochlear implants for elderly and unilateral deafness was deficient. Surgeons and doctors in higher specialties did better when it came to practice related to cochlear implant. The age and experience of doctors also improved knowledge and practice with regards to cochlear implant.

Improving awareness about cochlear implants and their benefits among non-otolaryngology colleagues can ensure that more people who could potentially benefit from cochlear implants will receive appropriate counselling and referral.

The aim of this systematic review was to analyse the complex anatomy of the extratemporal portion of the facial nerve with an accurate description of the branching patterns based on the Davis classification.

Medline, ScienceDirect and the Cochrane Library databases as well as other sources were searched by two independent reviewers.

Analysis of 21 studies with a total of 1497 cases showed that type III is the most common branching pattern accounting for 26.8 per cent of cases. The type I pattern, previously considered as the normal anatomy in most textbooks, was the fourth most common branching pattern at 16.3 per cent. The majority of specimens (96.4 per cent) were found to have a bifurcated main trunk, and only 3.2 per cent were found with a trifurcated main trunk.

Surgeons should be aware of anatomical variations in the course of the facial nerve. An early identification of the branching pattern during surgery reduces the risk for iatrogenic facial nerve injury.

To determine the outcomes of tympanoplasty surgery using porcine-derived small intestinal submucosa.

A retrospective audit was conducted in a hospital setting. Thirty-five adult and paediatric patients who received a small intestinal submucosa graft as part of tympanoplasty surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Patients underwent either simple tympanoplasty (n = 26) or complex tympanoplasty as part of a concurrent otological procedure such as atticotomy and mastoidectomy. The main outcome measures were rate of tympanic membrane closure and change in four-frequency mean air–bone gap.

Thirty-one patients had a follow-up period of longer than two months. Closure was obtained in 22 patients (71 per cent). The mean air–bone gap improved from 20.7 to 12.3 dB HL in the simple tympanoplasty group and from 22.3 to 12 dB HL in the complex tympanoplasty group.

Tympanoplasty surgery with small intestinal submucosa is a viable option for patients where autologous graft is not available or in order to minimise donor site morbidity.

Burnout, anxiety and depression are commonly reported among surgical residents and faculty members. Resident training programmes are encouraged to implement structured wellness initiatives, to address emotional stress.

Thirty otolaryngology residents and faculty members were invited to participate in this prospective pilot trial. Participants were randomised to either the intervention group, which involved completing 10 mobile meditation sessions, or the control group. Outcomes were measured with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale-7, Patient Health Questionnaire and Professional Quality of Life scale.

Nineteen participants completed the study. Participants in the intervention group had a significantly greater mean change in Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale-7 score (−2.7 ± 3.335 vs 0.33 ± 1.225; p = 0.04). There was no significant difference in average change in Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scores or Professional Quality of Life scale sub-scores between the intervention and control groups.

Short meditation sessions can significantly improve anxiety in surgical residents and faculty members, and they offer a simple, attainable and effective wellness intervention.

This study aimed to report the changes made to ENT placements across the UK in response to the pandemic and their impact on student experience.

A questionnaire eliciting how ENT placements were provided before and after coronavirus disease 2019 was disseminated amongst Student and Foundation Doctors in Otolaryngology representatives.

Thirty-eight respondents from 27 medical schools across the UK completed the survey (response rate of 90 per cent). Twenty-nine of the 38 respondents (76 per cent) reported a change in ENT placements in response to the pandemic. Six of the 38 students (16 per cent) remained satisfied with their ENT placements, as compared to 12 students prior to the pandemic (32 per cent).

There is considerable variability in how medical schools responded to the pandemic. Most medical schools placed students into smaller groups, with less direct contact in the hospital. These changes resulted in lower student satisfaction. The increased emphasis on e-learning underscores the need for high quality e-learning materials to promote learning throughout the pandemic and in the future.

The location of the vertical segment of the facial nerve varies greatly among patients undergoing otological surgery. Its position relative to the incus determines facial recess width, which has implications for ease of cochlear implantation.

To investigate the variation in facial nerve depth, relative to the incus, on pre-operative computed tomography in patients undergoing cochlear implantation.

A retrospective cohort study was conducted of paediatric patients undergoing cochlear implantation at a tertiary referral centre. Distance between the incus short process and facial nerve, in the transverse (medial-lateral) dimension, was measured at six imaging slices, ranging from 1.25 to 7.25 mm below the tip of the incus short process.

Facial nerve depth relative to the incus short process demonstrated significant variability. Among all subjects and at all measurements taken inferior to the incus, the mean dimension between the facial nerve and the incus short process was 1.71 mm.

This paper presents a rapid, repeatable technique to assess the depth of the facial nerve vertical segment on pre-operative computed tomography, as measured relative to the tip of the incus short process. This allows the surgeon to anticipate facial recess width and round window access during cochlear implantation.

Tracheostomy in the neurocritical care population is associated with poorer outcomes. This study hypothesised that a multidisciplinary approach to tracheostomy care can improve outcomes.

This study was a prospective longitudinal study of all tracheostomised patients in the neurocritical care units of a quaternary centre over 17 years. All patients were managed by a tracheostomy team with a constant core membership of an intensive care consultant, speech and language therapist, and physiotherapist with consultant ENT input.

A total of 51 per cent of patients were decannulated in hospital at an average of 48 (neuromedical) and 57.6 (neurosurgical) days. Of the 42 per cent of patients transferred to another facility with a tracheostomy tube in situ, 37.5 per cent were at an advanced stage of tracheostomy weaning. Complication rates were low at 4.8 per cent with no tracheostomy associated mortalities.

A multidisciplinary approach can enable good outcomes in the neurocritical care population. Consistency of care spanning the step-down from critical to ward-level care is crucial to improving outcomes.