The ablation of advanced head and neck cancer often results in large three-dimensional defects that require free tissue transfer to optimally address functional and cosmetic issues. The subscapular system is a highly versatile donor site for flaps used for head and neck reconstruction. Traditional methods of harvesting subscapular flaps require repositioning and re-preparing, which significantly increases the operative time and prevents simultaneous harvesting of the flap.

This paper presents our experience of a single-stage ‘sit and tilt’ technique, which provides a convenient method for harvesting subscapular system free flaps without significant repositioning.

This technique was used for a variety of head and neck defects, and body habitus did not seem to affect free tissue harvesting. It is hoped that utilisation of this preparation and harvesting technique will make head and neck surgeons more willing to take advantage of the subscapular system.

To study the cluster of differentiation 8 population in the laryngeal mucosa of patients with laryngeal carcinoma. To our knowledge this is the first paper to address this issue.

The study group included 40 patients with known laryngeal cancer who were scheduled for laryngectomy. The control groups included 10 smokers and 10 non-smokers who were scheduled for microlaryngeal surgery. Specimens from the three groups were processed for histopathological and histochemical evaluation.

In patients without cancer of the larynx, the number of cluster of differentiation 8 lymphocytes was greater in smokers than non-smokers. The number of cluster of differentiation 8 lymphocytes was greatest in smokers with laryngeal cancer, and the difference between this group and the two control groups was statistically significant.

The study showed that smoking increased the number of cluster of differentiation 8 T-lymphocytes in the laryngeal mucosa. The increase was greatest in patients who had developed laryngeal cancer.

To evaluate the usefulness and reliability of a research software application for the estimation of an individual's cochlear duct length as a basis for electrode selection.

In this prospective cohort study, 21 consecutive patients (23 ears) implanted with a cochlear electrode were investigated. The study comprised 19 children (2 bilateral) and 2 adults.

The measured ‘A’ distances (the largest distance from the round window to the contralateral wall) corresponded to cochlear duct lengths of 28.5–36.4 mm. The mean cochlear duct length was 34.05 ± 1.72 mm (33.60 ± 2.27 mm in females and 34.35 ± 1.27 mm in males). Full insertion was achieved in all but two cases. No misplaced electrode array or electrode fold-over was detected. In all but three ears, the electrode was chosen based on the research software application's indication.

The results show a good correlation between the pre-operatively predicted insertion depths using the software application and those post-operatively measured using X-ray. The insertion length predicted by the software was always longer than that measured via X-ray.

To assess five-year local control and ultimate local control rates of patients treated for locally advanced T3–4 glottic carcinoma with surgery only, radiotherapy only, or surgery plus radiotherapy. Cancer-specific survival, overall survival and rates of malignancy development were also assessed.

A retrospective review was conducted on patients from 1967 to 2015, with analysis of local control, ultimate local control, overall survival and cancer-specific survival performed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression.

Of 169 eligible patients, the majority (59 per cent) were treated with surgery plus radiotherapy, with laryngectomy being the most common surgical procedure. Local control and ultimate local control rates were higher with surgery only (94.1 per cent) and surgery plus radiotherapy (87.9 and 86.8 per cent respectively), compared to radiotherapy only (46.8 and 52.4 per cent) (both p < 0.001). Cancer-specific survival, overall survival and malignancy development did not differ between groups.

Surgery, with or without radiotherapy, offers significantly higher five-year local control and ultimate local control for patients with advanced glottic carcinoma, compared to radiotherapy only.

Lipoid proteinosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the extracellular matrix protein 1 gene. It is characterised by deposition of hyaline material in the skin and mucous membranes. This paper describes the management of two cases with laryngopharyngeal disease.

Two patients with a biopsy diagnosis of lipoid proteinosis were identified from the surgical pathology archive covering the period 2004–2016. Their notes were reviewed.

An adult male and an adult female were identified. Both had dysphonia and laryngopharyngeal lesions. The patients underwent interval laser microlaryngoscopy to debulk disease but minimise mucosal injury and scarring, using a ‘pepper pot’ technique. Both had adequate symptom control.

Lipoid proteinosis is a rare genetic condition, which typically presents in infancy with dysphonia and subsequent skin involvement. Two cases are presented to demonstrate that laryngotracheal symptoms can be controlled with interval laser debulking and the ‘pepper pot’ technique without causing stenosis.

Various surgical approaches have been described to remove tumours in the parapharyngeal space. This study investigated the feasibility of a transoral approach in the surgical management of parapharyngeal space benign tumours located in the medial portion of the carotid sheaths and extending toward the skull base.

Thirty-two patients were selected and underwent a transoral or an endoscope-assisted transoral approach in the surgical management of parapharyngeal space benign tumours located in the medial portion of the carotid sheaths. Medical photographs were used.

All patients underwent complete resection of their lesions via a transoral or endoscope-assisted transoral approach. None of the patients demonstrated residual or recurrent neoplasms, either clinically or radiographically, during their follow up.

Based on our studies, we assert that transoral and endoscope-assisted transoral approaches are suitable in managing parapharyngeal space benign tumours located in the medial portion of the carotid sheaths and extending toward the skull base.

Palatal reconstruction following maxillectomy is a surgical challenge, and a nasoseptal flap is a feasible approach. This paper reports the first known successful clinical case of a nasoseptal pedicle flap applied for the reconstruction of maxillary bone following hemi-maxillectomy.

This report describes hemi-maxillectomy in a 60-year-old Italian male diagnosed with stage IV squamous cell carcinoma of the left maxilla. Endoscopic transnasal extended medial maxillectomy was performed, followed by a transoral modified midfacial degloving technique for removal of the maxillary bone. The contralateral nasoseptal pedicle flap was used to reconstruct the defect. The case was followed up prospectively for the assessment of flap reception and healing.

The locally accessible nasoseptal flap is a viable alternative for palatal reconstruction; therefore, a second surgical procedure with its associated donor site morbidity can be avoided. Large-scale studies may help in establishing the cosmetic and functional outcomes.

Middle-third helical rim defects may arise from trauma or oncological resection, and pose a challenging reconstructive problem. Reconstructing defects larger than 2 cm using traditional methods commits patients to the inconvenience of staged procedures.

This paper describes a single-stage helical rim reconstruction technique using a post-auricular bipedicled flap and ipsilateral conchal cartilage graft for delayed middle-third helical rim reconstruction.

Two examples of this technique used in post-trauma and oncological reconstruction cases are presented, with pre- and post-operative photographs provided for demonstration.

Contralateral graft harvest and staged operations for helical rim reconstruction are associated with donor site morbidity and the inconvenience of multiple operations to achieve the desired reconstructive outcome. Our single-stage helical rim reconstruction technique was well tolerated by patients, and showed satisfactory aesthetic results in terms of size and symmetry.

To review our experience with therapeutic sialendoscopy in both the submandibular and parotid glands in order to determine prognostic factors and improve successful outcomes.

Single-centre, retrospective chart review.

The medical records of patients who had undergone sialendoscopy for sialolithiasis were reviewed, and demographic details, stone data (location, size, multiplicity, mobility), and operative technique and success were recorded.

Eighty-five patients were included: 70 patients with submandibular stones and 15 with parotid stones. Sialendoscopy was successful in all cases. Complete endoscopic removal was successful in 51 per cent of patients with submandibular stones and 47 per cent of those with parotid stones. Size (less than 5 mm) and distance from the papilla (less than 3 cm) were significant factors affecting success for patients with submandibular duct stones. However, this was not the case for patients with parotid duct stones, with neither variable achieving significance; nevertheless, numbers were small.

Stone size and location significantly affect the success of therapeutic sialendoscopy in submandibular glands.

During tonsillectomy, one of the key concerns is establishing adequate haemostasis. Intra-operative haemorrhage from the upper pole of the tonsil fossae can be a challenge to deal with because of an inability to clearly visualise bleeding points. Laryngeal mirrors are readily available in an ENT operating theatre and routinely used for indirect visualisation of the post-nasal space during adenoidectomy.

This paper describes a technique, utilising a laryngeal mirror placed within the tonsil fossa (after having removed the palatine tonsil), to visualise the upper pole and any bleeding points.

Laryngeal mirrors can be used with case to inspect the tonsil fossa post-tonsillectomy for bleeding points which may not be directly visible, so that these can be cauterised.

To report two cases of transmastoid clipping of a sigmoid sinus diverticulum.

Two patients with pulsatile tinnitus resulting from a sigmoid sinus diverticulum underwent clipping at the diverticulum neck using intra-operative Doppler ultrasonography.

At six months’ follow up, both patients reported complete resolution of pulsatile tinnitus with no complications.

Transmastoid clipping of a sigmoid sinus diverticulum can be a safe and effective method of managing pulsatile tinnitus resulting from a sigmoid sinus diverticulum.

Septic emboli are an unusual cause of sudden sensorineural hearing loss, for which few reports exist in the literature.

This paper presents two cases of sudden sensorineural hearing loss, initially considered as idiopathic, but which were caused by septic emboli. Hearing loss in these cases was bilateral, sequential and total. The first patient had mild fever one week prior to their presentation with sudden sensorineural hearing loss; the other patient had no additional symptoms at presentation. These patients were later diagnosed with infective endocarditis, at two and seven months following the sudden sensorineural hearing loss respectively, showing that septic emboli had been the cause of sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Septic emboli should be considered as a possible cause of sudden sensorineural hearing loss in cases of total hearing loss. This form of hearing loss should prompt the otolaryngologist to further investigate for infective endocarditis.

Anterior cricoid split is performed for grade 2 and 3 subglottic stenosis, which can be a cause of extubation failure. It can be performed endoscopically or as an open procedure. This paper describes a case series of endoscopic cricoid split procedures performed using a bespoke sickle knife.

Nine patients (six pre-term infants) underwent endoscopic cricoid split in a tertiary referral paediatric unit between August 2012 and March 2015.

Six patients (67 per cent; four pre-term and two term infants) were on oxygen pre-operatively. Mean age at operation was 30 weeks (range, 11–104 weeks). Mean number of days’ intubation was 5.6 days (range, 4–9 days). All five patients intubated pre-operatively were extubated. Seven patients required repeat dilatations. One patient required tracheostomy.

The extubation rates for endoscopic cricoid split are comparable to the open procedure. It is a safe and efficient method for managing subglottic stenosis, whether acquired or congenital. The main advantage is the shorter operative time, in addition to the avoidance of an external scar and drain.

To analyse publication and citations trends of case reports within otolaryngology – head and neck surgery literature, with specific attention to the most-cited reports.

Database query.

Web of Science was searched for article type ‘case reports’ published in the leading otolaryngology – head and neck surgery journals since 1945. Variables including publication dates, citation dates and numbers, author, author number, and others were recorded and analysed for trends. The reports with the most citations (classics) were further studied.

Of nearly 67 000 published articles in leading otolaryngology – head and neck surgery journals, the overall number of case reports as a percentage of the total has substantially decreased over time. A total of 110 case report classics were identified for which citations have increased.

Although the case report may not be worthy of its tarnished record, declining trends in publication suggest a limited future for this valuable research and educational resource.

Cervical metastasis from an unknown primary site invariably results in pan-mucosal irradiation if a primary tumour is not identified. Transoral robotic and laser-assisted mucosectomy are valid techniques to increase diagnostic rates, but these remain restricted to certain centres. This paper describes, in detail, a technique in which mucosectomy is performed via endoscopic electrocautery.

Patients were prospectively recruited between May 2017 and June 2018. Inclusion criteria stipulated biopsy-proven metastatic cervical squamous cell carcinoma, with negative findings on magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography/computed tomography, in addition to examination under anaesthetic, tonsillectomy and ‘blind’ tongue base biopsies without tumour identification, prior to mucosectomy.

Of nine patients, a mucosal primary was identified in four (44.4 per cent), for which ipsilateral intensity-modulated radiotherapy was advocated in three and completion tongue base resection in the fourth. Dysplasia was demonstrated in two further patients, which provided information relevant to radiotherapy fields and post-treatment surveillance. No surgical complications were identified.

Tongue base mucosectomy using electrocautery and conventional tonsillectomy equipment is a safe, effective technique in the identification of cervical metastasis from an unknown primary site. It expands the potential breadth of use, quickens prolonged diagnostic pathways and obviates the necessity for pan-mucosal irradiation.

Visual vertigo is defined as a condition in which there is worsening or triggering of vestibular symptoms in certain visual environments. Previous studies have associated visual vertigo with an increased prevalence of underlying white matter lesions on brain imaging.

This study evaluated the magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain from a cohort of patients with visual vertigo, and compared the outcomes to an age- and gender-matched group of healthy volunteers.

White matter lesions were observed in 17.9 per cent of the patient group and in 16.3 per cent of the control group. The prevalence of white matter lesions in the patient group was not too different to that expected based on age.

External auditory canal exostoses are known to occur in patients who engage in cold-water sports. Although the majority of patients with exostosis remain asymptomatic, larger lesions can cause wax impaction, conductive hearing loss and predispose to recurrent otitis externa.

A novel technique is described of using a piezo saw to excise exostoses that are symptomatic. The piezo saw is used to perform various procedures, but its use in removing exostoses has not been described in the literature.

Excision of exostoses of the ear canal using a piezo saw is a safe technique and patients have a speedy recovery. This paper describes a new technique for removing exostoses.

Submucosal diathermy to the inferior turbinate is a widely practised procedure to improve the nasal airway when nasal obstruction is due to hypertrophy of the inferior turbinate. This paper reports a case of an unusual nasolacrimal complication following submucosal diathermy to the inferior turbinate, and reviews the relevant literature.

A 33-year-old male patient developed a patulous nasolacrimal duct opening following submucosal diathermy of the inferior turbinate. This resulted in spontaneous reflux of air and nasal mucus on to the ocular surface.

This newly recognised complication of submucosal diathermy to the inferior turbinate indicates the need to be aware of the potential risk to the nasolacrimal system with this technique.