Acquired nasopharyngeal stenosis typically occurs as a result of surgery or irradiation of the nasopharynx. Sarcoidosis has numerous manifestations in the head and neck region, although an association with nasopharyngeal stenosis has not previously been reported.

A 40-year-old man with sarcoidosis developed severe acquired nasopharyngeal stenosis. This was successfully managed with balloon dilatation, followed by pharyngoplasty with local pharyngeal flap reconstruction.

This report is intended to prompt consideration of nasopharyngeal stenosis as a potential cause of nasal obstruction in patients with sarcoidosis, and to draw attention to the need to consider sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis of patients with acquired nasopharyngeal stenosis. We also demonstrate the viability of pharyngoplasty in the management of nasopharyngeal stenosis in the setting of sarcoidosis.

We report a patient with a malignant carotid body paraganglioma treated with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. We discuss her treatment and outcome in the light of the published literature.

A 26-year-old woman presented with a 12-month history of a painless, left-sided neck lump. Ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a carotid body tumour, which at surgical excision was found to be adherent to the vagus and hypoglossal cranial nerves (X and XII). The tumour was resected from the surrounding structures. Two local lymph nodes were removed to allow access. The internal carotid artery was also involved and had to be repaired with a synthetic graft. Histology and immunohistochemistry confirmed malignant carotid body paraganglioma. There were positive resection margins, and cervical lymph node metastasis was reported in one of the two nodes. Post-operatively, she had left Horner's syndrome, left vocal fold palsy and right upper limb weakness, all of which resolved spontaneously. She underwent adjuvant radiotherapy and remained recurrence free after 30 months.

Malignant carotid body paraganglioma can affect young adults, with an insidious onset of symptoms. In this patient, local excision (without neck dissection) and adjuvant radiotherapy were well tolerated and resulted in satisfactory local disease control.

To illustrate a case of an iatrogenic mucosal tear in the trachea which caused a one-way valve effect, obstructing the airway and manifesting as post-extubation stridor.

We report a case of iatrogenic tracheal mucosal tear secondary to violent movement during intubation. The patient presented with post-extubation stridor that worsened over three days. Initial evidence suggested tracheal stenosis. Computed tomography scans revealed a mucosal tear at the level of the seventh cervical to second thoracic vertebrae. The tear was caused by forceful inflow of air as breathing became more and more difficult, resulting in a false tract. A tracheostomy changed the direction of airflow, bypassing the tear. The inflated tracheostomy tube cuff acted as a stent to keep the flap in place as healing occurred.

Iatrogenic laryngotracheal injuries are common, especially when endotracheal intubation is performed under unfavourable emergency conditions. A tracheal mucosal tear is a rare entity which is almost always undiagnosed. However, a tracheal mucosal flap may be suspected when changes in patient position alter the nature and severity of the resultant stridor and/or respiratory distress. In such cases, an inflated tracheostomy tube cuff should be kept in place for an adequate period, to act as a stent and help keep the flap in place while healing occurs.

Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare, inherited bone marrow failure syndrome characterised by telomerase dysfunction. This study aimed to demonstrate the importance of recognising that this condition predisposes individuals to head and neck malignancy, and also to discuss the challenges of treatment in such individuals.

We present the case of a 30-year-old man with dyskeratosis congenita, who presented with a squamous cell carcinoma of the posterior pharyngeal wall. The patient was treated successfully with surgical resection.

Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare condition; however, it is vital to recognise the increased risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancers in these patients. Management of such cancers can be particularly difficult in view of the need to avoid DNA-damaging therapies such as radiotherapy.

We report a case of rhabdomyosarcoma of the trachea in a 14-month-old child, and we present the first reported use of proton beam therapy for this tumour.

A 14-month-old girl presented acutely with a seven-day history of biphasic stridor. Emergency endoscopic debulking of a posterior tracheal mass was undertaken. Histological examination revealed an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma with anaplasia. Multimodality therapy with surgery and chemotherapy was administered in the UK, and proton beam therapy in the USA.

Only three cases of rhabdomyosarcoma of the trachea have previously been reported in the world literature. This is the first reported case of treatment of this tumour with proton beam therapy. Compared with conventional radiotherapy, proton beam therapy may confer improved long-term outcome in children, with benefits including reduced irradiation of the spinal cord.

To examine chronic non-granulomatous supraglottitis, a rare disorder of uncertain aetiology with few reported cases in the literature.

We describe two cases of chronic non-granulomatous supraglottitis that led to persistent respiratory compromise. Patients underwent extensive investigation that failed to reveal a definitive diagnosis.

In patients suffering from chronic inflammation of the supraglottic larynx without evidence of infection, neoplasm or granulomatous disease, many disorders must be ruled out in order to diagnose chronic non-granulomatous supraglottitis, which is a diagnosis of exclusion. We review the literature on this rare entity, discuss current management strategies, and suggest an algorithm for diagnostic investigation.

Anomalies of the fourth arch are the rarest of all the branchial anomalies. They arise as a result of failure of involution of the cleft during embryogenesis, and manifest clinically as sinuses, cysts or abscesses in the neck, commonly presenting in childhood.

This article describes a case of a neonate presenting with stridor which was secondary to a fourth branchial pouch sinus. The presentation, investigations, operative findings and treatment are discussed.

Microlaryngobronchoscopy was done to evaluate the stridor. A swelling in the posterolateral pharyngeal wall and a sinus opening in the pyriform fossa on the left side were identified. There were no external neck swellings. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed a swelling in the expected region filled with air and fluid. After the diagnosis was confirmed, the swelling was aspirated and the fourth arch pouch treated. Microlaryngobronchoscopy was repeated six weeks later, showing complete resolution of the pharyngeal swelling. At this stage, the child had no airway symptoms and was feeding normally.

This is an interesting case of a fourth branchial cleft pouch presenting with stridor. The child was treated without any complications and recovered well.

The majority of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks occur at the anterior skull base; few cases at the temporal bone have been described. There have been no previous reports of synchronous leaks at the anterior skull base and temporal bone in the same patient.

Case report and brief review of management of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks in the nose and ear.

A 34-year-old, pregnant woman presented with watery nasal discharge and unilateral middle-ear effusion. The nasal and ear secretions both proved to be cerebrospinal fluid. Radiological imaging showed defects in both the ethmoid roof and the mastoid roof (middle cranial fossa). These defects were surgically closed using duraplasties.

A literature review indicated that this is the first reported case of synchronous spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks via the anterior skull base and temporal bone.

We present the first report of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes parotid abscesses complicated by facial nerve palsy. Facial nerve palsy secondary to parotid gland abscess is rare, with only eight previously reported cases.

Case reports and literature review concerning parotid abscess and facial nerve palsy presentation and management.

Within two months, two female patients presented with parotid gland abscess complicated by unilateral facial paralysis. Both were treated with intravenous antibiotics and surgery. In the first case, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was cultivated, in the other, Propionibacterium acnes was found. In the first case, facial nerve function did not recover.

Parotid gland abscess can lead to facial paralysis. Both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes may be involved. Ultrasonography or computed tomography is recommended to exclude a parotid abscess in patients presenting with suppurative parotitis.

True benign thyroid masses very rarely present as a solitary lateral neck mass. Different aetiological mechanisms have been proposed for such masses.

We report a case of thyroid follicular adenoma that presented as a lateral neck mass.

Ectopic thyroid tissue and metastases from primary thyroid carcinoma should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of lateral neck masses. Complete investigation should include complete blood tests to characterise the orthotopic thyroid gland.

Cervical sparganosis is a rare condition that presents as a lateral neck mass. Its radiological findings have not previously been investigated. Thus, the important radiological findings of cervical sparganosis are presented herein.

We report two patients with cervical sparganosis who presented with cervical masses, and we review the relevant head and neck literature. Computed tomography was performed three times over 13 months of follow up for one patient.

On follow-up radiological examination, a migratory lesion with a tubular appearance, seen on serial images, should be considered significant for cervical sparganosis.

Radiologically, a migratory cervical mass in the head and neck area with a tubular appearance is suggestive of cervical sparganosis.

(1) To highlight the significance of carotid artery pseudoaneurysm as a rare complication following neck dissection, and (2) to suggest endovascular coiling as management, in the presence of infection, previous radiotherapy and a grafted blood supply.

A 66-year-old man diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx and upper oesophagus underwent pharyngolaryngectomy with reconstruction of a neo-pharynx using a free jejunal graft. The patient had previously received radiotherapy for a soft palate squamous cell carcinoma. Two months after surgery, computed tomography demonstrated a bilobed pseudoaneurysm of the left external carotid artery just distal to the arterial branch supplying the jejunal graft. This mycotic pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated with endovascular coiling, while maintaining the patency of the superior thyroid artery supplying the jejunal graft anastomosis.

In this patient, endovascular coiling of the external carotid artery was considered to be the only definitive treatment for a life-threatening mycotic pseudoaneurysm.

We report an extremely rare case of an aberrant internal carotid artery in the middle ear, together with a dehiscent high jugular bulb, a combination never previously reported.

Case report with a review of the literature.

A 24-year-old man presented with a five-year history of aural fullness, pulsatile tinnitus and mild hearing impairment in his right ear. Otoscopy revealed a retro-tympanic mass. Computed tomography of the temporal bone revealed protrusion of the right internal carotid artery into the middle-ear cavity, with a dehiscent high jugular bulb. Magnetic resonance angiography showed a reduced diameter and lateralisation of the right internal carotid artery. A diagnosis of an aberrant internal carotid artery with a dehiscent high jugular bulb was made, and the patient was managed with conservative treatment.

The otologist should be aware of the possibility of an aberrant internal carotid artery when the patient presents with a retro-tympanic mass, hearing loss and pulsatile tinnitus. Radiological investigation is required to make the differential diagnosis. When an aberrant internal carotid artery presents with a dehiscent high jugular bulb, the risk of serious bleeding is elevated. We recommend a conservative approach for cases presenting without bleeding complications.

We report a case of multinodular goitre arising in thyroid tissue within the trachea. This tissue appears to have been implanted at the time of an earlier subtotal thyroidectomy.

A 79-year-old woman presented with a 12-month history of dyspnoea. Forty years earlier, she had been treated for a follicular adenoma with subtotal thyroidectomy. Investigation revealed tumour in the region of the right lobe of the thyroid, extending into and narrowing the trachea. A biopsy was performed, and the patient underwent excision of the right thyroid lobe tumour and cricotracheal resection with anastomosis. Histopathological findings were consistent with a multinodular goitre arising in thyroid tissue within the tracheal lumen.

Intra-operative thyroid tissue implantation in the trachea and subsequent goitre development has not previously been described. This case illustrates the need for careful resection of the thyroid in order to maintain the integrity of normal anatomical structures.

Hairy polyps are rare, congenital malformations of the oropharynx and nasopharynx. To date, approximately 145 cases have been reported. However, the histogenesis of these lesions remains unclear.

We report the case of a 2-day-old neonate presenting with a hairy polyp attached to the left palate, who re-presented aged 16 months with a discharging first branchial arch sinus.

We propose this case as supporting evidence for the theory that hairy polyps are a malformation of the first branchial arch system.