Belligerent Occupation — Legislative and Administrative Functions of Occupant — Payment of Debt to Enemy Property Custodian — Legal Effect of — The Law of the Philippines

State responsibility — Kinds of — Interference with property — Bank balances — “Freezing” of accounts — Nationalization of banks — Devaluation of currency — Prohibition of transfer — Whether a “taking” of property.

Human rights — Self-determination — Scope and extent — Right to self-determination in the context of an existing State — Whether part of the population of an existing State capable of constituting a “people” for the purpose of the right of self-determination — Internal and external self-determination — Whether international law recognizes a right of unilateral secession for part of the population of an existing State — Quebec — Whether population of Quebec or part thereof a “people” — Whether population of Quebec enjoying internal self-determination — Declaration of Principles of Friendly Relations between States 1970

Recognition — Of States — Of right of people to self-determination — Recognition as condonation of unlawful act — Whether likelihood of recognition of breakaway State means that there is a right to create such a State

Relationship of international law and municipal law — In general — Whether Supreme Court of Canada entitled to answer question regarding application of international law — International law as part of the law of Canada — Right of self-determination under Canadian law and international law

States — Creation and dissolution — Self-determination of groups within State — Whether conferring a right of unilateral secession — Relationship between right of self-determination and respect for territorial integrity of State — The law of Canada

International law — Sources of — General principles of law — Principles of private international law — Use of comparative law — Absence of uniformity of laws — Effect of

Treaties — Interpretation of — Agencies of interpretation — Arbitral Tribunal — Interpretation by.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles of Interpretation — Effectiveness — Interpretation of arbitral undertakings — Possibility of conflicts between international tribunals — Whether to be avoided.

Reference to purposes — Intention of Parties — Liberal interpretation — Reasonableness — Use of preamble — Methods which can be simply and fruitfully applied — Reference to — Natural meaning — Surrounding circumstances.

Interpretation by Parties subsequent to conclusion — Weight to be attached — Permissibility of reference to evidence of interpretation if not referred to in argument.

Use of treaties of municipal law terms — Reference to municipal law for purposes of interpretation — Permissibility of — Multilingual treaties.

Preparatory work — Consideration of — Confirmatory character of — Absence of published record — Assertions of Parties as to content of — Whether of evidential value — History of origin of Agreement.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Peace Treaties — Analogous instrumenta — Agreement on German External Debts, 1953 — Annex VII — Private law contracts — Regulation by Agreement — Claims with speclftc foreign character — Criteria for determining such character — Place of payment situated abroad — Meaning of — Whether to be ascertained in accordance with municipal law — Application of rule relating to interpretation of treaties — Natural meaning of term “place of payment” in contradistinction to other meanings — Corroborated by history of Agreement — Gold clause — Debts with — Conversion of such debts — Under Agreement on German External Debts — Foreign creditors.

Arbitration — In general — Conception and function of arbitration — Decision on interpretation and application of international Agreement — In contradistinction to decision on claim.

Arbitration — In general — Law applied by arbitral tribunals — Private international law — Problem of lex fori — Choice of law in contract cases.

Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Jurisdiction — Of Arbitral Tribunal for Agreement on German External Debts — Exclusive jurisdiction regarding interpretation or application of Agreement — Attempt to settle dispute by negotiation prior to submission to Arbitral Tribunal — Competence of other arbitral body yet not establlshed — Litispendence — Principle of perpetuatio fori — Dispute between Governments distinguished from dispute between private individuals — Request for decision distinguished from request for advisory opinion.

State responsibility — For wrongs unconnected with contractual obligations

Acts and omissions of State organs — Exhaustion of local remedies — Rule of — Applicability in arbitration proceedings — Absence of special provision for application — Case not involving claim on behalf of individual — Request for interpretation of Agreement as between States — Effect of — Exhaustion of local remedies under Agreement on German External Debts, 1953.

Acts of judicial organs of State — Denial of justice — Error of law — Error in application of Treaty — Whether State responsible.

Human rights — Private and family life — Duty of State to respect — Whether involving positive obligations on part of States — Failure to prosecute sexual assault on mentally handicapped girl — Requirement that victim institute complaint in person — Necessity for criminal law provisions — Whether civil law protection sufficient — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 8

Damages — Human rights violations — Degree of responsibility of respondent State for non-pecuniary damage — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 50

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Foreign States — Immunity from suit of foreign Government agency in absence of Executive suggestion of immunity — Category of activities to which immunity extends — Distinction between commercial and public acts — Effect of arbitration agreement upon question of Immunity — Arbitration agreement as consent to jurisdiction of court — The law of the United States of America.

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and agencies — Bank of Japan — Foreign exchange control procedures — Subjection of international film distribution agreement to authorisation — Non-execution of agreement — Liability of Bank of Japan — Whether Bank of Japan entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — The law of France

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Forgery of Cyprus currency notes — Forgery done in Greece — Whether an offence under the law of Cyprus and subject to jurisdiction of Cyprus courts — Whether acts done must also be an offence in Greece — The law of Cyprus

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Article 189 — Legislation enacted by EEC institutions — Status under municipal law — Regulations — Primacy of EEC law over subsequently enacted municipal law — Whether provisions of EEC law take precedence over fundamental rights under national constitutions

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Acts of institutions established by EEC Treaty — EEC regulations — Conflict with subsequently enacted municipal law — Whether municipal law automatically abrogated — Scope of role of national Constitutional Court in such circumstances — Powers of ordinary municipal courts to enforce direct applicability of EEC law

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Nature of legal order established by Treaty — Conflict between provisions of EEC regulations and municipal law — Reference to national Constitutional Court alleging unconstitutionality of conflicting municipal law — Whether provisions of EEC law prevailing over subsequently enacted municipal law

International organizations — EEC — Legal status — Powers — Regulations enacted by Council — Direct applicability — Institutions — Court of Justice of European Communities — Effect of decisions in municipal legal order of Member States

Human rights — Procedure for enforcement — Fundamental rights under Italian Constitution — EEC Treaty, 1957, and secondary legislation — Possible conflict with fundamental rights under Italian Constitution — Whether EEC provisions subject to constitutional review by municipal courts to establish compatibility with fundamental constitutional rights — The law of Italy

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States — Enforcement of arbitral award against foreign State — Proceedings for obtaining an exequatur — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Whether any requirement under international law of connection between acts in question and the forum — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — Whether any rule of international law completely debarring measures of execution against a foreign State — Whether proceedings to obtain an exequatur for award violate a foreign State's immunity from execution — Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, 1958 — Applicability to awards to which non-signatories are party — Whether only applicable to awards which are arbitral awards according to the law of a specific State

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and agencies and their property — Agreement for lease of films by television authority of foreign State — Action for breach of agreement — Whether authority entitled to jurisdictional immunity — European Convention on State Immunity, 1972, Articles 1 to 15 — Whether declaratory of existing international law on jurisdictional immunity of States — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — Whether nature or purpose of act decisive — Requirement of close connection between case and forum — Attachment of assets — Immunity from attachment — European Convention on State Immunity, 1972, Article 23 — Whether declaratory of existing international law on immunity from enforcement of States — Egyptian Office of Information and Tourism — Whether entitled to immunity from attachment — Whether its assets allocated for the performance of sovereign functions — Relevance of distinction between patrimonial and administrative assets — Whether purpose for which assets are allocated is decisive — The law of Switzerland

Human rights — Genocide — Definition of genocide — Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948 — Actus reus of genocide — Mens rea — Specific intent to destroy protected group as such — Nature of intent — Proof — Whether existence of intent can be inferred from pattern of conduct — Relationship between genocide and other violations of humanitarian law and human rights — Ethnic cleansing — Responsibility for genocide — Complicity in genocide — Duty to prevent genocide — Duty to punish genocide — Whether including duty of co-operation with International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia — Massacre at Srebrenica

International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Res judicata — Whether issue of jurisdiction implicitly determined at Preliminary Objections stage can be reopened at merits stage — Whether respondent State party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice at relevant time — Estoppel — Whether relevant — Provisional measures — Binding character of measures indicated before Court first stated that its measures had legal effect — Reparation for failure to comply with provisional measures — Evidence — Burden of proof — Standard of proof — Methods of proof — Relevance of findings by International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

International criminal law — Genocide — Definition of genocide — Obligations under Genocide Convention — Role of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia — Proof of genocide

International tribunals — International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia — Duty of States to co-operate with Tribunal — Relationship to obligations under Article VI of the Genocide Convention — Relationship between International Court of Justice and International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

State responsibility — Attribution — Concept of de facto organs of State — Responsibility of State for acts of persons and groups under its effective control — Nature of effective control test — Whether requiring proof of control over specific operation — Whether general control sufficient — Complicity — Genocide — International Law Commission Articles on State Responsibility, Articles 4, 8 and 16

State succession — Distinction between successor State and continuing State — Yugoslavia — Claim by Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to be the continuation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia — Separation of Montenegro from State union of Serbia and Montenegro — Whether Serbia the continuation of the State union

War and armed conflict — War crimes — Crimes against humanity — Genocide — Conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-5 — Massacre at Srebrenica