International law in general — Sources — State practice — Draft treaty reflecting State practice — Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1980 — Provisions relating to islands and delimitation of the continental shelf

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Continental shelf — Principles of delimitation — Islands — Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1980 — Joint development of continental shelf area by two States — Jurisdiction in particular parts of the area — Applicable legislation

Disputes — Conciliation — Function of Conciliation Commission — Search for equitable and acceptable settlement — Use of legal principles — Distinction between Commission and court of law Procedure

State territory — Parts of State territory — Continental shelf Principles for delimitation of continental shelf — Islands — Entitlement of island to continental shelf — Relation between continental shelf and economic zone — Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1980 — Relevance — Natural prolongation — Equidistance method — Role of equitable principles — Need to take acount of one State’s need for hydrocarbons — Greater resources and expertise of other State — Joint development of disputed area by the two States Terms of joint development — Jurisdiction within parts of the area — Applicable legislation — Disputes — Conciliation — Function of Conciliation Commission — Procedure — Distinction between Commission and court of law — Search for equitable and acceptable solution — Sources of international law — State practice — Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1980

International law in general — Sources — Customary international law — Whether any customary rule with regard to the immunity of private servants of accredited foreign diplomats from the jurisdiction of municipal courts — The law of Austria

States as intemational persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the executive — Whether municipal courts bound by declaration of executive with regard to entitlement to immunity from jurisdiction of diplomats and their servants — Whether municipal legislation providing for such declaration to be binding is unconstitutional — The law of Austria

Diplomatic and consular intercourse and privileges — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Privileges and immunities of — The family and retinue of diplomatic envoys — Private servant of diplomat — Affiliation proceedings — Whether entitled to immunity from jurisdiction — Whether declaration of executive binding on courts under municipal law — Extent of immunity with regard to private servants — Whether any rule of customary international law — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 37 (4) — Extent to which entitlement to immunity left to practice of individual States — Theory of functional necessity — The law of Austria

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Claim for damages by residents of area restricted to residential occupation — Foreign State operating chancery in residential area — Whether State immune in respect of violation of local zoning laws — Scope of immovable property exception to immunity — Whether operation of chancery constitutes commercial activity — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — The law of the United States

Recognition — States — Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (“TRNC”) — Lack of recognition by United Kingdom Government — Effects of non-recognition — Family law — Recognition of foreign divorce — Whether English court entitled to recognize decree of divorce issued in TRNC — Recognition of acts of unrecognized States concerning private rights — Status of the TRNC under the Family Law Act 1986 — Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus — Whether Cyprus exercising effective control over whole island — De facto authority in northern part of island — The TRNC as a defined territory — Whether Republic of Cyprus comprising one country with two territories operating different systems of law — The law of England

Jurisdiction — Exemptions from — Consuls — Acts in Performance of Official Functions — What Constitutes Such Acts — The Law of France.

Consuls — Privileges and Immunities of — Exemption from Local Jurisdiction — Acts in Performance of Official Functions — What Constitutes Such Acts — The Law of France.

Extradition — Procedure of — Hearing Before Court of Requested Country — Whether Presence of Accused Required at Hearing — The Law of France.

Belligerent Occupation — Legislative and Administrative Functions of Occupant — Payment of Debt to Enemy Property Custodian — Legal Effect of — The Law of the Philippines

Aliens — Treatment of — Property of Aliens — Payments under Life Insurance Policies Alien Beneficiaries Resident Abroad — Alleged Inability to Receive, Control and Enjoy Payments — Beneficiaries of American Insurance Policies Resident in Country under Alleged Communist Regime — Deposit

The individual in international law — Extradition — Procedure — Government required to take opinion of court — Whether Court's opinion binding on Government — Whether conferring any right upon person whose surrender is requested — The law of Belgium.

Human rights — Scope of application — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 1 — Whether extending to constitutional provisions in States — Aims and objectives of the Convention

Human rights — Freedom of association — Political party — Order for dissolution — Whether serving legitimate aim — Whether proportionate and necessary in a democratic society — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 11

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Status of EEC Treaty provisions under municipal law — Articles 48, 52 and 59 of Treaty — Direct effect — Treaty concerning Accession of Greece to European Communities, 1979 — Application of Community law with immediate effect from date of accession — Derogations for transitional period

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Incorporation of provisions into municipal legal order — Greek Constitution, Article 28

International organizations — European Economic Community — Institutions — Court of Justice — Powers — Binding nature of rulings by Court of Justice for municipal courts

Aliens — Right to non-discrimination — Scope of protection under EEC Treaty — Freedom of establishment — Whether including right to acquire land in other Community Member States — Whether acquisition must be associated with exercise of activity or provision of services in Member State concerned — The law of Greece

War and Armed Conflict — Aggression — Prohibition of the unlawful use of force — Charter of the United Nations, Article 2(4) — Criteria for establishing whether use of force unlawful — Standard of proof — Self-defence — Armed attack — Whether actions of armed bands capable of constituting armed attack — Whether requirement of State responsibility — Proportionality — Consent to presence of foreign armed forces — Withdrawal of consent — Great Lakes region — Multiple conflicts — Lusaka Agreement — Duty of non-intervention

War and Armed Conflict — International humanitarian law — Relationship with international human rights law — Protection of civilians — Child soldiers — Responsibility of State for actions of armed forces in breach of humanitarian law

War and Armed Conflict — Belligerent occupation — Criteria for determining whether territory occupied — Duties of belligerent occupant — Hague Regulations on Land Warfare, 1907 — Natural resources — Responsibility of occupant to prevent plunder and exploitation of natural resources of occupied territory — Duty of occupant to protect population of occupied territory

Human Rights — Scope of application of human rights treaties — Application to acts of armed forces of a State outside its territory — Relationship with humanitarian law — Application in occupied territory

Economics, Trade and Finance — Natural resources — Sovereignty of State over natural resources — Occupied territory — Plunder and exploitation of natural resources in occupied territory

International Court of Justice — Provisional measures — Counter-claims — Evidence — Burden of proof — Standard of proof — Credible evidence — Remedies

State Responsibility — General principles — Responsibility of State for acts of armed forces — Responsibility for unauthorized acts by members of armed forces — Fourth Hague Convention respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 1907, Article 3 — Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, 1977, Article 91 — Responsibility for acts of armed bands — Duty to make reparation

Territory — Rights and duties of territorial sovereign — Duty of vigilance to prevent use of territory for attacks on neighbouring States

International organizations — Officials — Immunity — European Communities — European Atomic Energy Community — Entitlement of officials to immunity from taxation in receiving State — Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Communities, 1965, Article 14 — Primacy of rule contained in Protocol over conflicting provisions of domestic law of Member States and treaties concerning double taxation concluded between Member States

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — European Communities Merger Treaty, 1965 — Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the European Communities — Whether prevailing over conflicting municipal legislation of Member States — The law of the Netherlands

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — Dependent States — Colonies — Belgian Congo — Whether sharing jurisdictional immunity of Belgian State — Whether Belgian legislation providing for separate legal personality of Belgian Congo should be applied — The law of France.

State territory — In general — Acquisition of territorial sovereignty — Cession — Cession of Congo to Belgium in 1907 — Belgian legislation providing for separate legal personality of Belgian Congo — Whether Belgian Congo shared jurisdictional immunities of Belgian State — The law of France.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon — Foreign States — Colonies — Belgian Congo — Whether sharing jurisdictional immunity of Belgian State — Whether Belgian legislation providing for separate legal personality of Belgian Congo must be applied — The law of France.

Treaties — Special kinds of — Articles of Agreement of International Monetary Fund — Recognition of currency regulations of member States — Enforceability of exchange contracts involving currency of foreign State and contrary to regulations of such State — Meaning of Article VIII, Section 2 (b) — Nature of obligation imposed on member States — The law of the United States of America.

International organization — Specialized Agencies of United Nations — International Monetary Fund — Articles of Agreement of — Recognition of currency regulations of member States — Enforceability of exchange contracts involving currency of foreign State and contrary to regulations of such State — Meaning of Article VIII, Section 2 (b) — Nature of obligation imposed on member States — Tort suit by foreign bank alleging violation of exchange regulations — Refusal to enforce foreign revenue laws — The law of the United States of America.

State succession — Succession with regard to obligations for torts — Pillage of private neutral property by soldiers — Acts committed by Imperial Russian soldiers — Soviet Decree of 1919 repudiating liability — Effect of — Claim under United States International Claims Settlement Act, 1949.

State responsibility — In general — Attributability — Responsibility for improper conduct of military operations — Pillage of neutral property — Responsibility of State for acts of its armed forces — Acts of Imperial Russian soldiers in 1915 — Responsibility of Soviet Government.

Certificate of Ministry for Foreign Affairs — Determination of Extent of Territorial Jurisdiction of State.

Territory — Area in which Law of State Applies — Effect of Resolution of General Assembly of United Nations on — Question of Fact and Question of Law — Certificate of Ministry for Foreign Affairs.

United Nations — Military Observers to Supervise Execution of Armistice Agreement — Extent of Authority of.

State Territory — Parts of — Demilitarized Zones — Whether Part of State Territory — Offences against Security of the State — Israel-Syria General Armistice Agreement of 1949 — Whether Demilitarized Zone within Frontiers of the State of Israel.

International criminal law — Criminal responsibility of individuals — International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia — Review of indictment — Concept of a prima facie case — Power of Tribunal to adopt rules of procedure

Sea — Piracy — Definition — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, Article 101 — Geneva Convention on the High Seas, 1958, Article 15 — International Maritime Organization’s International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 — Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 1988 — Use of violence for private ends a requirement of piracy — Meaning — Whether private ends confined to financial gain — Whether violence confined to attacks against people — Environmentalist protests against whaling — Disruption of whaling fleet

Comity — Respect for judgments of foreign courts — Injunction granted by Australian court regarding whaling in the Antarctic — Whether comity requiring United States court to support injunction — United States not recognizing Australian claims in Antarctic

Territory — Antarctic — Australian claim to maritime territory in Antarctic — Australian Whaling Sanctuary in Antarctic — Claims not recognized by United States — The law of the United States

Diplomatic relations — Diplomatic protection — Appellants requesting diplomatic protection from Government of South Africa against Government of Lesotho — Whether State having obligation to provide diplomatic protection — Position under international law — Whether South Africa entitled to afford appellants diplomatic protection — Whether appellants having right to diplomatic protection under South African law — South African Constitution — Responsibility of executive for conducting foreign relations — Discretion of executive with respect to diplomatic relations — Principle of equal sovereignty of States — Policy considerations — Lesotho cancelling and revoking mining leases without payment of compensation — Whether international delict — Whether violating international minimum standards — Whether expropriation — Nationality requirement — Exhaustion of local remedies requirement — Whether claim admissible before international tribunal

Nationality — Diplomatic protection — Nationality requirement for international delict — Whether nationality rule disqualifying South African Government from affording diplomatic protection to appellants — Continuous nationality rule

Claims — Exhaustion of local remedies — Diplomatic protection — Exhaustion of local remedies rule for international delict — Whether exhaustion of local remedies rule disqualifying South African Government from affording diplomatic protection to appellants — Whether Lesotho courts rectifying wrongs

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Whether justiciable in municipal court — The law of South Africa