Human rights — Treaties — Reservations — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Criteria for determining validity of reservations entered under Covenant — Whether general international law rules governing validity of reservations inapplicable in certain circumstances because of special nature of human rights treaties

Treaties — Reservations — Human rights treaties — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Object and purpose test — Validity of reservations entered under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Validity to be determined by reference to object and purpose of Covenant — Organ to determine the compatibility of reservations to treaty — Whether general rules of international law governing State's capacity to object to treaty reservation inapplicable in respect of human rights treaties — Whether United Nations Human Rights Committee alone having the capacity to determine compatibility of a reservation to Covenant

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and State-owned enterprises — Action for breach of contract — Sovereign immunity — Waiver — Need to establish personal jurisdiction — Whether waiver of immunity amounts to implied submission to jurisdiction — Arbitration clause — Commercial activities provisions of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Relationship between substantive and procedural questions — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and retrictions upon jurisdiction — Foreign States — Claim for repairs to Embassy — Whether claim can be brought in German Federal Court — Absolute State immunity — Restricted State immunity — Distinction between acta jure imperii and acta jure gestionis — Whether based on purpose of activity or on link between activity and sovereign functions of State or on whether activity gainful or not — Whether decisive factor nature of activity and legal relationship resulting therefrom — Whether characterization of activities as sovereign or non-sovereign determined by international law or municipal law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Sovereign immunity — Foreign State and State-owned corporations — Commercial activity — Meaning and scope — Whether relating to specific act of which complaint made or normal activity of defendant — Procedure — Removal of action against foreign State to Federal court — Whether involving removal of actions against co-defendants — Act of State doctrine — Refusal of entry by immigration officials — Deportation — Whether acts of State — Whether doctrine precludes judicial inquiry into commercial consequences flowing from those acts — The law of the United States

Sphere of Executive in Matters of Foreign Policy — Conclusiveness of Statements by Executive — Recognition of Foreign Governments and States.

Recognition of New Government of Foreign State — Retroactive Effect.

Recognition of New Government of Foreign State — De facto and de jure Recognition.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Recognition in Foreign Countries of Legislative and Executive Acts Affecting Movables within the Jurisdiction.

Recognition of New Government of Foreign State — The Appropriate Organ to Grant Recognition — Consequences of de facto Recognition — British Recognition of Russian Soviet Government — Validity of Legislation and Administrative Acts of a Recognised Government on its own Territory.

Most-Favoured-Nation Clause — Interpretation of — Scope of Most-Favoured-Nation Clause as regards Exemption from Security for Costs.

States — Jurisdictional Immunity of — Recognition of Governments — Effect of.

War — Outbreak of — Effect on Contracts — The Law of the United States.

Federal States — In General — Conduct of Foreign Relations — Powers of the Executive — The Law of the United States

Recognition — Of Annexation — Non-recognition of Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic — Effects of — Recognition of Confiscatory Legislation of Foreign State.

States — Recognition of Legislative Decrees of Foreign States — Confiscatory Legislation — Recognition — Non-Recognition of Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic — Effects of.

Treaties — Operation of — Non-Ratified Treaties — Treaties not having the Effect of Law — Effect of.

Extradition — Conditions of — Reciprocity — Assurance of Reciprocity in the Request for Extradition — Absence of Designation of Penalty in the Request for Extradition — Bustamante Code — Effect of — Relevance of Absence of Formal Binding Force.

Human rights — Right to life — Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Articles 2 and 3 — Treatment contrary to Article 3 must reach a minimum level of severity in all circumstances — Confinement of aliens permissible only to prevent unlawful migration while still complying with international law — Conditions of detention to be compatible with human dignity — Whether Article 3 obliging States to provide accommodation to all persons within their jurisdiction or to provide all refugees with financial assistance to maintain certain standard of living — Whether States under positive obligation to provide decent material conditions and accommodation to impoverished and vulnerable asylum seekers — Principle of non-refoulement — Prohibition of direct and indirect refoulement — Article 13 — Right to an effective remedy — Remedy to be effective in law and practice — Effective remedy to Article 3 claim must involve close and rigorous scrutiny and include potential for execution of impugned measure — Article 41 — Just satisfaction — Non-pecuniary damages — Costs — Article 46 — Binding force and execution of judgments — Rules of Court — Rule 39 — Interim measures — KRS v. United Kingdom

Covenant of the League of Nations — Interpretation of — Article 23(e) — Freedom of Communications — Binding Force of Resolutions of the Council — Pactum de contrahendo — Expressio unius est exclusio alterius — Reprisals — Necessity of a Breach of an International Obligation.

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Application to administrative agency established under local law — City of New York Commission on Human Rights — Whether Commission entitled to find that advertisement for employment in South Africa expressed racial discrimination — The law of the United States

State territory — Parts of — National waters — Voluntary subjection of foreign ship to laws of port State — Labour dispute — Internaleconomy of the ship — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Over ports and national waters — Foreign vessel in port — Voluntary subjection to laws of port State — Labour dispute — Norris-LaGuardia Act — Internal economy of the ship — The law of the United States of America.

Diplomatic privileges and immunities — Permanent diplomatic envoys — Whether member of diplomatic staff immune from suit relating to accident — Suit commenced after departure from receiving State and termination of diplomatic status — International law as understood by the United States of America.

State territory — Territorial waters — Jurisdiction over — Inter-oceanic waterway — Navigable channel — Beagle Channel between Argentina and Chile — Islands at mouth of channel.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over national waters — Maritime jurisdiction — Uti possidetis juris doctrine

Treaties — In general — Title — Significance of — Preamble — Relevance of

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles and rules of interpretation — Interpretation by principles of Vienna Convention of 1969 on the law of treaties — Bases of negotiation

Treaties — Interpretation of — Bilingual treaties — Varying versions — Maps and charts as evidence of contents — Confirmatory or corroborative incidents and material — Relevance of speech by Minister of Foreign Affairs

Treaties — Special kinds of — Arbitration treaties — Denunciation of general treaty not affecting pending arbitration proceedings

Disputes — Arbitration — Law applied by arbitral tribunals — Decision in accordance with international law — Other matters to be taken into account

Disputes — Arbitration — Acceptance of arbitration

Disputes — Arbitration — Arbitration treaty — Denunciation of general treaty not affecting pending arbitration proceedings

Disputes — Arbitration — Appointment 'of members of Court of Arbitration — Death of a member

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Visit to locus — Expenses — Language

Disputes — Arbitration — Evidence — Boundary dispute — Relevance of cartography — The "time frame" — Maps and Admiralty charts — Memorandum by Admiralty hydrographer — Acts of jurisdiction as confirming or corroborative evidence

Disputes — Arbitration — The award — Declaration that decision constitutes the award — dispositif.

State territory — Parts of — Water boundaries — Definition of boundary by arbitration — Tracing of boundary — Straight base lines — The Beagle Channel between Argentina and Chile — Islands at mouth of channel

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — Dependent States — Status of former Belgian Congo — Whether Belgium liable for debts — Belgian Act of 1908 (Colonial Charter) — Separation of assets and liabilities between Belgium and Belgian Congo — Scope of Act — Repeal on accession of Congo to independence — Status of Belgian civil servants in Belgian Congo — The law of Belgium

Human rights — Scope of application — Requirement that individual be within the jurisdiction of the respondent State — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 1 — Application outside the territory of a Contracting State — Actions of State agents — Effective control of an area of territory — Belligerent occupation — Military operations — Iraq — Security Council Resolutions 1483 (2003)and 1511 (2003) — Whether actions of United Kingdom contingent in Multi-National Force attributable to United Kingdom or United Nations

Human rights — Right to life — European Convention on Human Rights, Article 2 — Procedural element — Duty to conduct investigation into death allegedly caused by armed forces of State — Requirement that investigation be independent and effective — Hostile conditions in area where death occurred — Requirement that investigation nevertheless take place — Relevance of conditions to form and conduct of investigation

War and armed conflict — Belligerent occupation — Iraq — Hague Regulations, 1907, Article 42 — Duty of occupying power to maintain order — Relationship between law of armed conflict and human rights law

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over ports and national waters — Statute providing right of action to seaman suffering personal injury — Interpretation of statute consistently with international law — Action by foreign seaman against foreign shipowner for Injury sustained in territorial waters of State of forum — The law of the United States of America.