Sovereign immunity — State-owned corporations — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Personal jurisdiction — Commercial activity — Requirement of connection between commercial activity and United States — Contact between foreign State and foreign corporation — Whether fact that letter of credit is payable through New York bank a sufficient connection — Waiver of immunity — Whether agreement to submit dispute to arbitration in Paris a waiver of immunity before United States courts — Subject matter jurisdiction — Whether Federal courts have subject matter jurisdiction in case between foreigners — The law of the United States

Recognition — Governments — Access by governments to foreign municipal courts — Whether formal recognition of government necessary — Liberia — Civil war — National Patriotic Reconstruction Assembly Government and Interim Government for National Unity — Both entities claiming to be lawful government of Liberia — Neither entity recognized by United States — Whether either entity permitted to bring suit in the United States Federal Courts — Statement by State Department that Interim Government for National Unity should have access to municipal courts — Significance of needs of Executive in conduct of foreign relations

Governments — Change of government — Effects — Whether affecting sovereignty and rights of State — Liberia — Property belonging to Liberia held by third party — Whether Liberia's right to property affected by a change of government following civil war

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Recognition of foreign governments — Conclusiveness of recognition by the Executive — Political question doctrine — The law of the United States

Trust Territories — Rights and Duties of Administering Authority — Powers of Administrator — Power to Regulate Judicial System of Trust Territory — Whether Legal System of Trust Territory Foreign in relation to That of Administering Authority — Somaliland.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign States and Governments — Extra-Territorial Effect of — Confiscatory and Revenue Laws — Disguised Confiscatory Measures — The Law of Sweden.

International law in general — International comity — Comity as between the courts of the United States and the courts of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands — Relationship between United States and Trust Territory in respect of which the United States is the administering authority — Whether complaint that High Commissioner of the Trust Territory has acted contrary to the Trusteeship Agreement should be heard by United States or Trust Territory courts — The law of the United States

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — Mandated and trust territories — Sovereignty over mandated and trust territories — Whether administering authority has sovereignty — Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands — Whether United States sovereign — Whether Trust Territory Government a foreign sovereign government — Whether entitled to plead sovereign immunity — Degree of United States control — The law of the United States

State territory — In general — Nature of territorial sovereignty — Trust territory — Whether administering authority has sovereignty over territory — Whether government of trust territory has sovereignty — Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial jurisdiction — Over territory in general and persons and property situated therein — Presumption that United States legislation applies only to United States territory — When presumption rebutted — Whether United States environmental legislation applicable to Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial jurisdiction — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands — Whether Trust Territory Government a foreign sovereign government entitled to plead sovereign immunity — Whether entitled to plead sovereign immunity in action alleging breach of Act of Congress — Immunity of Trust Territory Government before United States courts and courts of the Trust Territory — The law of the United States

The individual in international law — Aliens — Position of aliens — Plea of non-discrimination — Position of non-resident aliens before the United States courts — Citizens of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands — The law of the United States

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Operation and enforcement — Whether treaty confers rights upon individuals which may be enforced in municipal courts — Circumstances in which a treaty has direct effect — Availability of other methods of enforcement — Suitability of treaty for enforcement by municipal courts — Purposes of treaty — Charter of the United Nations — Trusteeship Agreement for the Former Japanese Mandated Islands — The law of the United States

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Effect on third parties — Charter of the United Nations — Trusteeship Agreement for the former Japanese Mandated Islands — Whether conferring upon individuals rights enforceable in municipal courts — The "law of the United States

International organization and administration — The United Nations — Legal nature of the United Nations — Charter of the United Nations — Whether conferring upon individuals rights enforceable in municipal courts — Trusteeship system — Legal nature of trusteeship — Sovereignty in trust territory — Whether trusteeship agreement confers rights upon individuals — The law of the United States

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — Mandated and trust territories — Rights and duties of the administering authority — Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands — Trusteeship Agreement — Whether conferring upon Individuals rights enforceable in municipal courts — Nature of obligations imposed by the Agreement — Duty to protect the environment — Appropriate forum for hearing challenge to decision by Trust Territory Government — Whether Trust Territory Government a foreign government entitled to plead sovereign immunity — Whether United States has sovereignty over the Territory — Treaties — When conferring rights upon individuals — Jurisdiction — Capacity of United States Congress to legislate for the Trust Territory — Whether United States environmental legislation applicable in Trust Territory — Comity — Aliens — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial and personal — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Subjective territorial principle — Agreement in England to possess firearms there with intent to endanger life in France — Whether constituting the offence of conspiracy to possess firearms with intent to endanger life in English law — The law of England

Relationship of international law and municipal law — International Criminal Court (ICC) — Obligation to arrest and surrender person subject of ICC arrest warrant — South Africa — Implementation of Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act 2002 — Whether prevailing over head of State immunity under customary international law

State immunity — Head of State — Whether head of State enjoying immunity from arrest in terms of customary international law — South Africa — Provisions of Section 4(1) of Diplomatic Immunities and Privileges Act 2001 (DIPA) — Whether immunity existing by virtue of hosting agreement concluded with African Union and ministerial proclamation under Section 5(3) of DIPA

International criminal law — International Criminal Court — Arrest warrants — Duty of State Party to Rome Statute to implement arrest warrant — Whether prevailing over customary international law on immunity of head of State — The law of South Africa

Boundaries — Water Boundaries — The thalweg — Equal Division of Boundary Waters where Rights of Navigation are not at Issue.

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial Effect of — Penal Decrees.

Jurisdiction — Exemption from — Foreign States — The Proper Agency to invoke Jurisdictional Immunity — State Vessels and Jurisdictional Immunity — Conclusiveness of Allegation by Foreign State — Jurisdictional Immunity and Conclusiveness of Declaration by Foreign Government — Expropriation Decrees and Nature of Possession Qualifying for Jurisdictional Immunity — Extraterritorial Effect of Penal Decrees — Extraterritorial Effect of Decrees Transferring Property within the Jurisdiction of the Foreign States Issuing the Decrees.

War — Effects of Outbreak of — On Enemy Subjects with Regard to their Right to Sue — Statute of Limitations during Hostilities.

International Law — Relation to Municipal Law — Nationality — Treaties Limiting the Power to Confer Nationality — War — Effects of — On Treaties.

Extradition — Inter-State Extradition in United States — Danger to Extradited person in Requesting State.

Extradition — Political Crimes — Treason — Conditions of Extradition — Crime Committed in Requested State — Effect of War on Extradition Treaty.

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and territories — Unions of States — Federal States — Continental shelf — Natural resources of subsoil and sea bed — Oil fields — Boundariesbetween areas belonging to federal Government and component States — Territorial sea — Of States upon admission to federal union — State succession — Treaties — As evidence of seaward boundaries — Subsequent conduct of parties — Executive determinations — Conclusiveness of — Islands — Claim to, as evidence of breadth of territorial sea — Land and sea boundaries — Differences between — The law of the United States of America.

State succession — Succession to rights — Admission to federal union — Continental shelf — Territorial waters — Breadth and delimitation of — Natural resources of subsoil and sea bed — Oil fields — Federal State — Boundaries between areas belonging to federal Government and component States — Treaties — As evidence of seaward boundaries — Subsequent conduct of parties — Executive determinations — Conclusiveness of — Islands — Claim to, as evidence of breadth of territorial waters — Land and sea boundaries — Differences between — The law of the United States of America.

State territory — Parts of — Water boundaries — Territorial waters — Continental shelf — Natural resources of subsoil and sea bed — Oil fields — Federal State — Boundaries between areas belonging to federal Government and component States — State succession — States admitted to federal union — Treaties-As evidence of sea ward boundaries — Subsequent conduct of parties — Executive determinations — Conclusiveness of — Islands — Claim to, as evidence of breadth of territorial sea — Differences between land and sea boundaries — The law of the United States of America.

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Breadth and delimitation of — Relationship to continental shelf — Natural resources of subsoil and sea bed — Oil fields — Federal State — Boundaries between areas belonging to federal Government and component States — Upon admission to federal union — State succession — Treaties — As evidence of seaward boundaries — Subsequent conduct of parties — Executive determinations Conclusiveness of — Islands — Claim to, as evidence of breadth of territorial waters — Land and sea boundaries — Differences between — The law of the United States of America.

State territory — Parts of — Continental shelf — Jurisdiction and control by federal State — Natural resources of continental shelf claimed by United States of America — Oil fields — Boundaries between areas belonging to federal Government and component States — Territorial sea — Of States upon admission to federal union — State succession — Treaties — As evidence of seaward boundaries — Subsequent conduct of parties-Executive determinations — Conclusiveness of — Islands — Claim to, as evidence of breadth of territorial sea — Land and sea boundaries — Differences between — The law of the United States of America.

Diplomatic relations — Immunity — Nature of immunity — Whether based upon doctrine of functional necessity — Embassy premises — Lease — Eviction order — Whether embassy entitled to immunity from eviction — Principle of inviolability of mission premises — Scope — Whether limited to sudden or unexpected intrusions — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961, Article 22

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act — Relationship between international treaties providing for diplomatic privileges and immunities and the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act — Whether international treaties taking precedence — Embassy premises — Lease — Eviction order — Whether embassy entitled to immunity from eviction — Principle of inviolability of mission premises — Scope — Whether limited to sudden or unexpected intrusions

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Interpretation by municipal courts — Interpretation of treaty provisions by treaty signatories — Whether binding on national courts

Treaties — Interpretation — By municipal courts — Ordinary meaning of words — Travaux préparatoires — State practice — Interpretation of treaty provision by treaty signatories — Whether binding on national courts

Sources of international law — Treaties — Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Whether declaratory of existing rules of customary international law — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Expropriation of debt located in the United States — Whether act of State doctrine applicable — Public policy of United States against expropriation without compensation — Whether special rules applicable in wartime — The law of the United States

War and neutrality — War in general — Effects of outbreak of war — On enemy subjects with regard to their property and other rights — Nationalization without compensation of property of enemy subjects — Bangladesh — Expropriation of property of Pakistan nationals — Property located in United States — Whether United States courts should give effect to nationalization — Act of State doctrine — United States public policy — Whether special rules applicable to expropriation in wartime — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Expropriation — Property located outside expropriating State — Debt payable in United States — Situs — Whether act of State doctrine applicable to extraterritorial acts — Rationale of act of State doctrine — United States public policy against expropriation without compensation — Bangladesh — Expropriation of property of Pakistan nationals — War — Expropriation allegedly part of wartime measures — Whether different rules applicable — The law of the United States

International Comity — Public Policy — Respect for Law of Foreign Friendly State — Penal, Political and Revenue Laws — Contract for Sale of Goods — Intention of Parties to Obtain Goods in Foreign Country and Deliver Them to Destination Prohibited by Laws of Exporting Country — Whether Contract Enforceable in English Courts.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Public ships and other property of foreign States — Cuban ship taken to United States port by crew seeking asylum in United States — Effect of previous waiver of immunity from enforcement of judgment upon later suit to enforce libel in rem — Effect of statements of Executive with respect thereto and with respect to ownership of property — The law of the United States of America.

Governments — Recognition — Libya — National Transitional Council — Statement by the United Kingdom Government that it recognized the National Transitional Council as the sole Government of Libya — Effects — Bank accounts operated by Libyan Embassy in London — Whether bank entitled to act on instructions from representative of National Transitional Council — Certificate by Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs — Whether conclusive

Diplomatic relations — Diplomats — Accreditation — Statement by the United Kingdom Government that it recognized the National Transitional Council as the sole Government of Libya — Appointment of Chargé d’Affaires in London by National Transitional Council — Expulsion of diplomats appointed by former government — Authority to give instructions regarding embassy bank accounts — The law of England

The Individual in International Law — Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Expropriation of Property for General Purposes — Guarantees of International Agreement Concluded Subsequent to Expropriation.

Treaties — Operation of — Expropriation of Property for General Purposes — Guarantees of International Agreement Concluded Subsequent to Expropriation.

Treaties — Conditions of Validity of — Alleged Invalidity on Account of Violation of Fundamental Right of Property as Guaranteed by Constitution, by General International Law, and by the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Washington Agreement of May 25, 1946, on German Assets in Switzerland — Agreement between Germany and Switzerland of August 26, 1952, on German Assets in Switzerland — Expropriation of Property for General Purposes — Guarantees of International Agreement Concluded Subsequent to Expropriation — The Law of Germany