Crime rates are higher among patients with schizophrenia than in the general population. Denmark has seen a substantial increase in the number of forensic patients since 1980 with annual growth rates reaching 7%. In the same period, the population of forensic patients with schizophrenia has increased from 50% to 75%. Evidence-based care for patients with schizophrenia is well-established in international and national guidelines. However, a possible association between quality of care and risk of crime among patients with schizophrenia has not previously been studied.

To study the association between quality of care and risk of crime among patients with schizophrenia.

This nationwide population-based follow-up study is based on the Danish National Indictor Project (DNIP), a national clinical database for patients with schizophrenia, and the Danish Crime Register, a national register of criminal offences. We include all incident and prevalent patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (ICD-10: F20.00-F20.99), who are Danish citizens and older than 18 years. All patients have been admitted as inpatients at a psychiatric ward in the period 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2007 (approx 20,000 patients). In DNIP quality of care is assessed as fulfilment of a set of quality of care criteria related to the diagnostic process, contact with the health care system, use of antipsychotic medication, evaluation of side effects, family intervention, psycho education, planned outpatient treatment by discharge and suicide prevention. All patients will be followed up for 1-year after discharge. We identified all convictions for both violent and property crimes in the population.

Investigation of general laws of formation of the social conflict among inhabitants of small settlements owing to extreme situations.

Social-psychological investigation for revealing interpersonal and intergroup (victims and nonvictims) conflicts among in townsfolk of Sydybyl (Yakutia) and Beslan (North Ossetia) after disaster with death of children.

It was shown that the basic psychological need of persons who loss their relatives during a disaster is a search of guilty of tragedy. In consequence of this, occurs the stratification of society with apportionment of such groups as “victims” and “guilty”. The “victims” additionally mark out the group of “light victims” and accuse them of insufficient efforts to rescue of children of “victims”. It was suggested that the persistent search of guilty represents a form of psychological defense against the unbearable feeling of their own guilt towards died children. The universal (non-conditioned by ethnic or cultural factors) character of described phenomena was emphasized. It was marked that the social conflict (named by author as indigenous) deteriorates the social and economic consequences of disaster.

The indigenous conflict tends to persistence and passes the certain phases, final of which is characterized by a high level of neurotic diseases in the population and migration of an efficient part of the population.

People with mental illness often internalise negative stereotypes, resulting in self-stigma and low self-esteem (‘People with mental illness are bad and therefore I am bad, too’; Corrigan and Watson 2002, Rüsch et al 2006). Despite strong evidence for self-stigma's negative impact as assessed by selfreport measures, it is unclear whether self-stigma operates in an automatic, implicit manner, potentially outside conscious awareness and control.

We therefore assessed (i) negative implicit attitudes toward mental illness and (ii) low implicit self-esteem, using two Brief Implicit Association Tests (Sriram and Greenwald 2009) in 85 people with mental illness. Implicit self-stigma was operationalised as the product of both implicit measures. Explicit self-stigma and quality of life were assessed by self-report.

Greater implicit and explicit self-stigma independently predicted lower quality of life after controlling for depressive symptoms, diagnosis, and demographic variables.

Implicit self-stigma is a measurable construct and is associated with negative outcomes. Attempts to reduce self-stigma (Knight et al 2006) should address implicit-automatic processes.

This study investigates how the changing socioeconomic conditions in Russia and Ukraine affected the psychological well-being of high-school adolescents in these countries. In addition, the effects of the micro-level factors, including the economic conditions of the adolescents’ family and perceived social support were investigated.

The study was conducted in twelve medium-size towns and large cities scattered across the entire territory of Russia and the Ukraine. Adolescents studying in public high schools filled out the questionnaires in 1999 (n=489) and in 2007 (n=740). Six indexes of psychological well-being were measured: emotional and behavioral problems, loneliness, self-esteem, body image, social competence, and school competence.

Macro-level socioeconomic conditions in Russia and Ukraine substantially improved from 1999 to 2007; however, none of the six indexes of psychological well-being measured in this study changed significantly. The psychological well-being of Russian and Ukrainian adolescents remained much worse than that of their peers in developed countries. Russian adolescents consistently reported higher selfesteem and school competence than their Ukrainian peers. At the micro-level, perceived parental care and autonomy providing, as well as perceived social support from parents, peers, and teachers were the major contributors to the adolescents’ psychological well-being.

Changes in adolescents’ psychological well-being do not follow macro-level socioeconomic changes that occur in a country. This indicates that psychological well-being is more influenced by values and cultural norms, which are relatively stable in each country, rather than by changing socioeconomic conditions.

The goal of the study was to analyse the influence of National alcohol control program to the rate of visits in Kaunas District Dependence Diseases Center.

Retrospective analysis of visits to Kaunas District Dependence Diseases Center between 2004 - 2008 (5 year period) was conducted. 28456 cases were analysed. Visits in relation to Mental and behavioural disorders caused by alcohol consumption were included.

28456 visits were registered in Kaunas District Dependence Diseases Center between 2004 - 2008, 8965 (31,5%) of them were related to F10. During five year period the number of visits decreased from 1669 to 1316. The most frequent diagnosis was abstinence condition, bet were was no statistically confident change noted. Visits of women increased from 100 to 205.

It could be hypothesised that morbidity of addiction to alcohol is decreasing. Because of a better information campaign the number of visits by women has increased. There was no notable change in the number of psychoses disorders.

The aim of study was to estimate the relationships among smoking/quitting behavior, having a smoke-free home and a number of social variables, including perceived family pressure to quit, the presence of adult non-smokers and children in the household, and belief in the harmfulness of secondhand smoke.

The study analyses data from Lithuanian adult population health behavior surveys, performed in period of 1994- 2008. For every survey the national random sample of 3000 inhabitants aged 20-64 was taken from the National Population Register. The study material was collected through mailed questionnaires covering smoking habits, sociodemographic characteristics.

65% of current smokers reported living in a home with a total smoking ban, 35% reported having no restrictions on smoking in the home. Report of a recent quit attempt and intention to quit were associated with family preference that the smoker not smoke. Smoke-free homes appear to prolong time to relapse following cessation. Male smokers were more likely than females to report smoke-free homes, and such reports decreased with age. Smokers were nearly 5 times more likely to report smoke-free homes if they lived with a non-smoking adult and child compared to when there was no child or adult nonsmoker in the household, and over 4 times more likely to report a smoke-free home if they believed in the harmfulness of secondhand smoke.

Social influences, especially at the family level, motivate smokers to modify smokers’ behavior in ways that would help them quit and stay quit.

The aim of the study was to evaluate smoking habits among Lithuanian adult smokers, according to gender, age and education.

The study analyses data from the Lithuanian adult population health behavior survey carried out in 2008. The national random sample of 3000 inhabitants aged 20-64 was taken from the National Population Register. The study material was collected through mailed questionnaires covering smoking habits, social status. In 2008 daily smokers were 38,8 % of Lithuanian adult men and 14,9 % of women.

Daily smoking was least common in the oldest age group in both sexes. Indirect educational gradient was found among men. Among women, no association was observed between smoking and educational level.

Assessment of inequalities in smoking habits helps to identify subgroups of society that should have a priority of tobacco control policies.

To evaluate the influence of cannabis in the long-term follow-up in patients with a first psychotic episode, comparing those who have never used cannabis with (a) those who used cannabis before the first psychotic episode but stopped it during the follow-up, and (b) those who used cannabis both before and after the first psychotic episode.

Patients were followed from the first psychotic admission. They were assessed at 1, 3 and 5 years obtaining information about functional outcome, positive and negative symptoms. At 8th year functional outcome was evaluated. Patients were classified in 3 groups: 40 that never used cannabis (NU), 27 that used cannabis and stopped during follow-up (CUS), and 25 that had continued use during follow-up (CU).

At baseline, there were differences neither in functional outcome nor in negative symptoms. The CUS group improved the functional outcome during the follow-up (p< 0.001), while CU and NU groups did not show any significant results (p= 0.466 and p= 0.370 respectively). CUS group had also a significant decreasing trend in negative symptoms (p= 0.012), whereas for the other two groups no significant results were observed (p= 0.069 and p= 0.226 respectively). All groups improved in positive symptoms during follow-up.

Although cannabis use has deleterious effect, to stop it after the first psychotic episode produces a clearly improvement in the long-term follow-up.

According to recent studies anxiety has a significant impact on cognitive functioning, especially on decision-making. Alcohol dependent patients (ADP) achieve worse performance on decision-making simulation tasks compared to healthy controls. Our aim was to investigate how trait anxiety is connected to decision-making mechanisms in ADP.

The data of 76 ADP have been analyzed. To examine decision-making mechanisms we used the “ABCD” version of the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). The IGT total score was calculated and we divided the task into 5 equal blocks to study the pattern of the decision-making process. We administered the Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The patient group was arranged into two subgroups with median split method based on the STAI scores. One group (N=38) was characterized by low trait anxiety level, and the other (N=38) had high level of trait anxiety. For comparing the two groups’ decision-making mechanisms we used independent samples t-test.

The group with higher level of trait anxiety performed significantly poorer on the IGT (t=2.09, p=0.04). The detailed analysis of the two groups’ decision-making mechanisms showed that the difference between the groups became significant in the 5th block (t=2.57, p=0.01).

Decision-making deficit is not homogenous in the ADP group, as according to our results the trait anxiety level influences the adequacy of decision-making. Psycho-biological background of the inadequate decision-making needs further investigation and this knowledge could be used in the future to improve decision-making mechanisms of the ADP.

This is a 380 heavy drinker patient's sample recruited from twelve primary care centers. The patients were screened using The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT > 8). Neuropsicological tests done at the base line and after the 4 years of the study were the Continous Performance Test (CPT) and the Barrat Impulsivity scale. The alcohol and cocaine consume accumulated along the four years was also study.

The two variables of the CPT (ommission and commission errors) had a significant correlation with the alcohol and cocaine use accumulated in these four years. The variable that was associated with a greater risk of making more commission and ommission errors was the cocaine risk consumption. The years of study were protective variable.

The most important conclusion of this study is that alcohol and cocaine use produces a modification in the conductual paradigm of impulsivity characterized by the inhibition difficulties measured by the CPT. Also, the cocaine use effects are added respect to the alcohol ones and finally that cocaine plus alcohol effects over the number of ommission and commission errors are more potent that the ones made only with alcohol.

Social data, data of drinking behaviour, stress-styles and cortisol concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured in 130 patients with alcohol dependence (35F and 95M) before and after inpatient treatment.

The age of onset alcohol dependence, the amount of alcohol consumption since last 3 months, the responsibility for education from children, living situation, and the practice of positive ore negative stress coping styles were investigated.

Female alcohol dependent patients show a significant higher age of onset for alcohol dependence (p=0.02) and have a significant lower consumption of alcohol in relation to male alcohol dependent patients (p=0.004).

Moreover, female alcohol dependent patients are significant more frequent involved in education of children (p=0.04), and are living significant less alone (p=0.023).

The cortisol levels in plasma and CSF between female and male alcohol dependent patients does not differ. However, female alcoholics show a significant higher score of negative stress-coping styles than male alcoholics (p= 0.023).

There are significant psychosocial differences between female and male alcohol dependent patients. These gender specific differences relating to social stressors and handling with stress may be clinical relevant for treatment and outcome in alcohol-dependent patients.

Aim of this investigation was to study processes of apoptosis in lymphocytes in alcoholic patients during withdrawal syndrome with method of microwave resonance therapy (MRT).

30 men 31-57 years old with alcoholism (average course of disease was 15 years) were examined along with 30 healthy age-matched men. Examination of alcoholics was carried out in dynamics: at admission of patients with severe withdrawal syndrome (point 1) and after 2 week treatment (point 2). Expression of FAS receptors on lymphocytes was assessed using an indirect immunofluorescence microscopy with monoclonal antibodies to CD95 antigen. The proportion of cells with sings of apoptosis was evaluated by light microscopy of blood smears in terms of morphological changes typical of apoptosis in lymphocytes.

The relative content of bloodstream lymphocytes expressing receptors of readiness to Fas-dependent apoptosis (CD95) in alcoholics with severe withdrawal syndrome and after their treatment (16, 32±1,39% and 15,43±5,12% respectively) exceeds analogous index in healthy men (12,00±0,77%, p< 0,05). Percentage content of apoptotic lymphocytes in alcoholic patients was 2,68±0,46% before treatment and 2,15±1,93% after treatment (0,97±0,35% in controls, p< 0,05). It has been found that tindex of apoptosis realization was significantly decreased in alcoholic patients after the treatment in comparison with those before treatment (13,44% and 21,03% respectively).

According to obtained results it may by assumed that alcohol increases readiness of lymphocytes to apoptosis but activation of mechanisms controlling and limiting the processes of programmed cell death during the therapy results in decrease of apoptosis realization index in alcoholic patients.

Although the literature suggest that alcohol misuse is common in medical students, few studies have investigated it in French medical residents. The present study aims at exploring the prevalence and associated characteristics of alcohol misuse in French medical residents

Medical residents working in one of 3 University Hospital in France (n=292) were invited to fill out an online survey using the mailing lists of the participating centers. Alcohol use was assessed with the 10-item self-report Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) (range 0-40) which provides scores for hazardous alcohol use, dependency symptoms and harmful alcohol use. Background variables were also collected.

Mean participants’ age was 27.7 (SD=1.7) and 65.5% (n=190) of them were of female gender. Mean weekly hours of work at the hospital was 57.8 (SD=13.6) and mean number of validated rotations at the time of the assessment was 5.1 (SD=2.4). Mean AUDIT score was 4.5 (SD=3). Forty-four (15.1%) participants scored on the AUDIT above the cut-off (>7) for problem use and 51 of them (17.5%) reported binge drinking at least once a month. AUDIT total score was positively correlated with male gender (r=0.26) and cannabis use (r=0.40) while negatively associated with weekly hours of work (r=-0.12) and number of rotations validated (-0.13). In a regression analysis, only male gender predicted alcohol use.

Alcohol problem use is prevalent in French medical residents, is predicted by male gender and is strongly associated with cannabis use. Future research is needed to confirm these results.

Olanzapine is prescribed in the treatment of schizophrenia and BPAD. It is not licensed for personality disorders, behavioural issues or in patients with opiate addiction.This audit sought to identify the number of opiate dependent patients in a tertiary referral centre on olanzapine and the reason why.

All patients attending one sector had their notes examined over a three year period to see whether they are or were on olanzapine. All patients were opiate dependent and prescribed methadone.Parameters looked at included Axis 1 or 2 diagnosis, previous psychiatric in-patient admissions, forensic history and whether fasting lipids and glucose were checked.

169 charts were reviewed.Of these, 37 patients either were on or had been on olanzapine (21.9% overall).20 of these patients (11.8%) had an Axis 1 disorder, 17(10%) had behavioural diffciulties.Of the 20 patients with an Axis 1 disorder, 18 of them had an in-patient hospital admission.Only 7 of 17 patients on olanzapine with behavioural issues had an in-patient admission.All patients with behavioural difficulties had a forensic history and 16/17 had custodial sentences.15 of the 20 patients with Axis 1 diagnoses served custodial sentences.

A significant percentage of patients were prescribed olanzapine off license with no clinical indication.This is a worrying finding due to the abuse potential of olanzapine and longer term metabolic effects.Caution should be taken with prescribing olanzapine to opiate addicts who abuse it for its sedative effect.The value of this study is that it is one of the few to date to describe this problem.

The use of psychoactive substances has been frequently associated with cognitive impairment. More and more people, including adolescents, use the plant hallucinogen beverage “ayahuasca” throughout the world. Long-term ayahuasca use by adolescents might eventually result in impaired cognitive performance.

The objective of this study is to assess neuropsychological performance of adolescents who consume ayahuasca within a religious ritual setting.

Forty ayahuasca consuming adolescents and forty adolescents who never used ayahuasca were compared on their performance on a battery of neuropsychological tests. Groups were matched by sex, age, and educational level.

Both groups performed well on all neuropsychological tests. However, there were differences between the groups. Controls outperformed subjects on more complex tests, that is, those requiring more cognitive functions to perform a specific task.

Adolescents who consume ayahuasca performed well on all the neuropsychological tests. However they did not perform as well as the control group whenever extra cognitive strength was required. It is possible that ayahuasca may have some subtle effect on cognition that can only be observed before highly demanding tasks. However, other variables may have interfered with these findings.

Religion and to be religious can play an important role in human's individual and social life. The religion can be entered in many aspects of human behaviour and can affect on their behaviour and reduce probably of abnormal functions.So the study was aimed to investigate personality traits and religious orientation in two groups of addicted and nonaddicted people.

91 addicts people(in prisons)selected and were compared with 91 nonaddicted people. McCare & Costa's Five-factor personality test (NEO-PIR) and Alport's religious orientation scale (AROS)was adminidtered on them.T independent test was used to analyze the data.

Results showed significant difference between personality traits and religious orientation in tow groups. Nonaddicted people are more conscientiousness and less extrinsic religious orientation than addicted people.

Based on results it is suggested to do plans to increase intrinsic religious orientation related to personality traits in order to decrease tendency to addiction.

Varenicline is an α4β2 partial nicotinic agonist approved for smoking cessation. There have been spontaneous postmarketing reports of neuropsychiatric adverse events (NPAEs) in smokers without a history of psychiatric illness quitting with varenicline.

110 smokers without history of psychiatric illness (screened by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM) were randomized to 12 weeks of varenicline (n=55) (1mg bid) or placebo. Adverse events were solicited systematically. Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, aggression and irritability were measured at baseline and weekly using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression-rating scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Anxiety scale (HAM-A), and the Overt Aggression scale-modified (OAS-m). The Profile of Mood States (POMS) was administered daily. Mixed Model analysis of repeated measures was conducted to compare mean changes in scores between groups across the study period.

Smokers had a mean age of 33; smoked on average 22 cigarettes/day with mean Fagerstrom score for Nicotine Dependence >7 at baseline. Reported NPAEs were similar between groups. No suicidal events were reported. There were no significant differences between groups for the MADRS (treatment difference vs. placebo [TD] = 0.03, 95% CI: -0.68, 0.73; NS), HAM-A (TD = 0.14, 95% CI: -0.62, 0.90; NS), OAS-m irritability subscale (TD = 0.08, 95% CI: -0.17, 0.34; NS), OAS-m aggression subscale (TD = 0.5, 95% CI: -1.18, 2.18, NS) and the POMS total scores (TD = 0.5, 95% CI: -0.52, 1.53; NS).

There were no significant differences between groups on measures of depressive symptoms, anxiety and aggression/hostility. Systematically solicited NPAEs were similar between varenicline and placebo.

Drug substance abuse has been related with chronic insomnia and other sleep disorders that are thought to interfere in detoxification treatment and relapse induction. These disorders can persist after drug detoxification.

To describe sleep disorders refered by drug dependents patients in an inpatient detoxification unit.

We prospectively studied drug dependents patients admitted to our Detoxification Unit from January 2005 to March 2009. The first night, patients were asked to complete an 11-item questionnaire measure designed to assess the relationship between sleep disorders and drug use. Responses ranged from 1 to 7. The questionnaire measured the following:

1. a) insomnia before hospitalization;

2. b) patients’ beliefs about the relationship between insomnia and drug use;

3. c) insomnia in previous detoxifications;

4. d) patients’ worry about insomnia;

5. e) treatment of sleep disorder with benzodiazepines.

The study sample included 150 patients (75.3% men). 39% of the patients suffered from alcohol abuse, 34.67% from cocaine abuse, 22.67% from opiod abuse, 21% from cannabis abuse, 18% from benzodiazepine abuse, and 12.67% of patients were polydrug users.Lifetime prevalence of sleep disorders was 68.1%. 64% had suffered insomnia the months previous to detoxification. 80.1% of patients’ refered sleep disorders in relationship with substance abuse. 69.4% were worried about insomnia during detoxification. 75.4% of patients took benzodiazepines without prescription.

Sleep disorders in patients with drug abuse are frequent. A high prevalence of patients having worries about insomnia during the detoxification treatment and believing in a relationship between their sleep disorders and the drug abuse was found.

There are few studies about the characteristics of Substance Use Disorder patients that relapse, defined by restart of the substance use that motivated the intake, after discharge from a Detoxification Unit.

To analyze the percentage of patients who had a relapse in the following 3 months after discharge and to describe their sociodemographic, clinical and therapeutical characteristics.

We prospectively studied drug dependents patients admitted to our Detoxification Unit from June 2008 to August 2009. Data was gathered at admission on demographic (gender, age), clinical (main abused drug, psychiatric comorbidities, polydrug users) and therapeutical variables (hospitalisation duration, prescribed treatment). Patients were followed up for 3 months and assessed for relapse at 1 and 3 months by clinical interview, alcohol screening test and/or urinalysis. Results from patients with and without relapses were compared.

The study sample included 103 patients (77,7% men, average age 38,31±9). At month 3, 57,3% of the patients had relapsed. We found significant differences between the relapse and the non-relapse group on the percentage of polydrug users (68,6% vs 31,4%, p=0,05), on heroine as main drug of abuse (76% vs 24%, p=0,05) and psychiatric comorbidities (60,8% vs 39,2%, p=0,04), being psychotic disorders the most frequent. No significant differences were found between the 2 groups concerning therapeutical variables.

More than half of the patients that ended the detoxification process relapsed in the first 3 months. Polydrug use, opiate dependence and having a psychiatric comorbidity might be considered as risk factors for relapse.