Harmane is a beta-carboline, which binds to imidazoline receptors and it has been previously shown that it may have an antidepressant effect when administered acutely. This study is planned to investigate the effect of harmane on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model and microglial (Iba-1) immunoreactivity in the same model as markers of neuroinflammation.

Male Wistar Albino rats (290–360 g) were divided into groups such as control (saline), CUMS, CUMS + Imipramine (20 mg/kg; i.p.), CUMS + Harmane5 (5 mg/kg; i.p.), CUMS + Harmane10 (10 mg/kg; i.p.) groups (n = 10–12 in each). In CUMS model, various stressors were applied for 40 days. On day 20, harmane administration was started for 20 days. At the end, sucrose preference and forced swimming tests were performed. Then, brains were removed with paraformaldehyde perfusion for Iba-1 immunohistochemical analysis in hippocampus. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test were used for statistical analysis.

The time of immobility in forced swim test was significantly reduced while sucrose preference was increased in Imipramine and CUMS + harmane10 groups. In immunohistochemical experiments, Iba-1 were overexpressed in CUMS group and Harmane significantly reduced the overexpression of Iba-1.

Our results suggest that chronic administration of harmane has an antidepressant-like activity in chronic stress model of depression. These results support the notion of imidazoline receptors involvement in depression by modulating neuroinflammation and at least a part of its antidepressant effect might be through modulating microglial activation as a reflection of neuroinflammation.

This research was supported by Marmara University, Scientific Research Projects – SAG-C-YLP-110915-0415 and SAG-E-120613-0233.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Depressive and anxiety disorders are common among working adults and costly to employers and individuals and their prevalence is high. Public sector employees are also vulnerable to poor mental health, mainly where have been occurring organisational changes similar to private sector concepts.

To highlight the unmet mental needs for new vulnerable working population, government employees.

The search was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, B-on, Science Direct with the terms “government employees”, “federal employees”, “depressive disorders”, “anxiety disorders”. Using the PRISMA methodology, 1374 articles were considered with the search terms and if were published in the last 10 years; after a review of the title and summary, 5 eligible studies in english were included.

Mental disorders are growing public health problem, and creating an enormous toll of suffering, disability and economic loss. There are few studies about depressive and anxiety disorders in public sector and those confirm that it would be to examine to what extent national characteristics can explain why individual and organizational characteristics are more related to them in some countries than in others, especially not including military or police officers who usually are submitted to high psychological distress.

Workplace health promotion in addressing job stress is crucial to fight against to a range of mental health outcomes. Mental health screening in the public sector may contribute for changes to the traditional roles of government and its management structures and must be encouraged to find out the underlying mechanisms of developing depressive and anxiety disorders.

The author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

Subjective Memory Complaints (SMC) are common in clinical practice. the clinical significance of these subjective complaints among older individuals is not well understood.

To study and discuss the association between SMC and MCI, underlining the importance of an adequate clinical assessment of SMC in the elderly.

Review of the literature.

There is no consistent definition of SMC in the literature. Some prospective studies showed an association with objective memory impairments, conceptualizing SMC as a Pre-Mild Cognitive Impairment. SMC are also currently considered to be a core feature of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies showed conflicting results concerning the association between SMC and MCI.

The understanding of the predictive value of SMC in cognitive decline is still poorly understood. It is important to define criteria aimed to increase specificity of memory complaints, allowing an earlier identification of populations with higher risk of MCI. Future research on this complex association is important to identify SMC individuals at increased risk of conversion to MCI and dementia.

Obesity is a major public health problem and some developed countries have declared it ‘the modern day epidemic’. One of the major eating disorders that leads to obesity is BED, which involves consuming large quantities of high carbohydrate food. Studying the factors that cause and contribute to BED can help tackle this major health hazard and alleviate a huge burden on the nationalized health service.

To determine the frequency of Binge Eating Disorder (BED) among obese adults, and to study its relationship to depression, anxiety, life stressors, personality and self esteem.

The sample was a randomised sample of clinically obese individuals, body mass index (BMI) of 30 and above. The sample was collected from two sites; Nutrition Clinic in Student’s Hospital, Cairo University and a Private Nutrition Centre. 250 cases were recruited over one year. All patients were subjected to a clinical interview derived from Kasr El Aini sheet , and measurement of Waist- Hip Ratio. Assessment of depression and anxiety was through Beck Depression Inventory , Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale(TMAS). Other tools used were the Eysenck’s Personality Inventory, Eating Disorder Inventory -2.

BED among obese adults was 48%; 83 % of them had drive for thinness, 25% were bulimics, 45 % had ineffectiveness feeling. Also 83 % had body dissatisfaction, 8% were perfectionism seeking, 43 % showed interpersonal distrust and 25% presented maturity fears. Impulsivity was scored high in 25% , 66.6%had social insecurity and 77% had severe Extraversion. All were statistically significant. On the other hand there were no statistical significant difference between obese adults with BED and those without on TMAS. Half percent of participants with BED and 34.6 percent of participant without BED had moderate level of anxiety. In addition , there were no significant difference between obese participants with BED and those without BED according to BDI. However, 83.3% of obese cases with BED while 60 % for those without BED had manifest depression ranging from mild to severe depression.

Obese adults with BED have more drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, feeling of ineffectiveness, perfectionism seeking, interpersonal distrust, maturity fears and social insecurity than non BED. Extraversion and Neuroticism are also more among BED. There were no significance different between both group in relation to Anxiety and Depression.

None Declared

The traditional diathesis-stress model states that cognitive vulnerabilities in interaction with stressors predict the increase of depression. However, the relationships between these variables can be much more complex, with each variable influencing each other.

The present study is based on the transactional cognitive vulnerability to stress model (Hankin & Abramson, 2001) and assesses the bidirectional relationships between cognitions, depression and stressors over time.

To understand the dynamics between stress, depression, and cognitions.

1350 adolescents (47% girls & 53% boys; Age Mean = 15.86) were assessed at the beginning of the school year and at follow-up 6 months later. They completed measures of three cognitive vulnerabilities (maladaptive schemas, negative inferential style, and rumination), negative life events and depressive symptoms. A fully cross-lagged design panel was carried out.

Stressors and all cognitive vulnerabilities but rumination predicted the increase in depression at T2. Both initial levels of depression and cognitive vulnerabilities predicted the increase in dependent stressors. Initial levels of stressors predicted an increase in rumination, hopelessness inferences, and maladaptive schemas over time. Finally, initial level of depression predicted the increase in hopelessness inferences and maladaptive schemas. the bidirectional relationships between variables were very similar for boys and girls.

The study supports not only the role of some cognitive styles as vulnerabilities for depression, but also the stress generation and the scar hypothesis. the findings support a transactional model with reciprocal relationships between stress, depression and cognitive vulnerabilities.

To examine the influence of gender on burden experience and depression among informal caregivers of frail older people.

The study was part of a large survey in private households in Germany headed by TNS Infratest Social Research. Based on a probability sample of the German population (n = 52,916), we contacted all people who were 60 years of age and older and who screened positively for at least one deficit in a range of activities of daily living as well as for cognitive impairment. Characteristics of the frail person and the care situation were assessed and - if an informal caregiver was available - burden measures and the CES-Depression Scale were applied.

The care of the frail old people (n = 306, attrition: 39%; mean age: 80.2 years; female: 68.6%) was provided mostly by family caregivers (n = 262; mean age: 61 years; female: 73%). Both the burden experience and the depressive symptoms were higher among the female than among the male caregivers. Multiple linear regression analyses confirmed that caregiver's gender was one of the strongest predictors of burden experience as well as of depression. Structural equation modeling suggested that burden mediates depression; it further proposed that there should be separate models for female and male caregivers.

The results provide a basis for the development of strategies to reduce or even prevent serious distress and psychiatric disorders among informal caregivers. Furthermore, they point to the need for gender-specific interventions in this field.

Exploring the ways in which sexual fantasies may affect sexual experience and satisfaction is of relavence in the clinical setting involving sexual dysfuntion.

To observe how the sexual fantasy scores differ in their relationship with sexual satisfaction, experience and quality between sexual dysfunction cases and normal controls.

Scales included: Wilson’s sex fantasy questionnaire (WSFQ), Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX), Sexual Quality of life Questionnaire (SQoL), and a subjective sexual satisfaction meter. Differences in resposes of both groups on WSFQ (item-wise and domain-wise) were analysed using T-tests. Two-way ANOVA was applied to see how other scales affected sexual fantasy.

Cases scored significantly higher on ASEX scale, and low on satisfaction, SQoL and WSFQ

Majority of WSFQ responses, both in cases and controls, fell in the intimate and impersonal domains. Sexual fantasy scores and sexual satisfaction had a strong positive and significant correlation in controls but no linear correlation in the case-subjects. sexual fantasy scores contributed to 5.7% of difference in the scores of SQoL between groups. Major variance in scores of satisfaction in our subjects depended on presence or absence of sexual dysfunction(46.5%)but sexual fantasies also contributed to 8.8% of the variance.

The study showed that fantasies contribute to positive sexual outcomes only in absence of sexual dysfunction. ANOVAanalysis revealed that in case-subjects sexual satisfaction briefly increases initially with increase in fantasy scores but starts to decline as fantasies increase.

No significant relationships.

Undoubtedly any health care system could not meeting all of needs of people. so prioritizing of the needs is necessary. Needs assessment does not mean one need is superior to another perfectly. It is determing the most important needs, determing common needs and importance of each need in health care planning. the aim of this study is to assess psycho- Emotional needs of female adolescents.

In this cross-sectional study 2010 middle and high school female adolescents were recruited from randomly selected schools in Mazandaran province-Iran. Psycho- Emotional needs of participants were assessed by completing a self-administrated culturally-sensitive Iranian Female Adolescents Health Needs Questionnaire (IFAHNQ). Data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Independent T-Test, One-Way Anova and Multivariate regression.

There was a meaningful relationship between psycho- Emotional needs' score of adolescents with their age and their mothers' education. Mean score of needs of urban adolescents was significantly higher than rural.

Ignoring adolescnts' psycho- Emotional needs and not to attempting for meeting them could lead to irrecoverable serious problems in the future of adolescent mental health.

Postnatal depression as well as postnatal depressive symptoms may have detrimental effects in offspring.

The main objective of this study was to examine the nature of the video interaction guidance method Marte Meo offered new mothers experiencing depression or depressive symptoms.

The aim was to develop knowledge to be utilised in care in order to prevent sufferings for mothers, babies and their families.

Fifteen mothers were recruited from a health centre. They took part in Marte Meo guidance and in-depth interviews.

All mothers experienced Marte Meo in a positive manner, the main point being that they viewed their babies and/or themselves in the videos “from the outside looking in”. This seemed to be the key to facilitating reflection, a renewed sense of vitality and increased capacity for mentalisation. This viewing thus had an overall positive influence on increasing sensitive mother-child interaction and decreasing maternal depressive symptoms as well as facilitating a mentalisation process in the participating mothers, increasing their ability to reflect on their own and others state of mind and in turn recognise their babies as subjects. The results are applied in both community and specialist health services.

Marte Meo may be a helpful method and can also be administrated on a community-based level where the threshold for seeking help is a low one.

The aim of this study was to clarify effects of Clozapine and its metabolites on insulin resection and expression of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) located in cell membrane of isolated rat's islets.

The cells of isolated rat's islets were prepared by a modified collagenase digestion methods. At 5.5 mmol/L glucose, the cells of islets was treated with 1mmol/L clozapine, desmethyl-clozapine(DCLO), clozapine N-oxide(CNO), respectively, blank control group was also set.

1. 1. After incubation 48h, the insulin in supernatant was assayed by radioimmunoassay.

2. 2. The cells of isolated rat's islets in each group were detected GLUT2 mRNA level with RT-PCR and its protein expression with Western-blot.

1. 1. Compared to control group, clozapine significantly inhibited insulin secretion (P=0.007< 0.01); DCLO has a tendency to inhibit insulin secretion after 48h of incubation, but no significant difference was found (P=0.154>0.05). There was no difference of insulin secretion between CNO group and the control group after 48h of incubation (P>0.05).

2. 2. The mRNA and protein expression of GLUT2 located in cell membrane of slets: clozapine group was significantly lower than control group (P=0.017< 0.05, P=0.035< 0.05), DCLO group was also lower than control group, but no significant difference was found (P>0.05), and no significant difference between CNO group and control group (P>0.05).

Clozapine can inhibit GLUT2 expression of cells of islets, and then hamper glucose transport through cell membrane, which was one of mechanisms to explain the effect of clozapine on insulin secretion.

Diagnosis at first admission is an important variable in epidemiological studies but concerns regarding stability need to be adressed.

To investigate the persistence of diagnosis at first admission within 10 years in a nationwide cohort of psychiatric inpatients with 25 year follow-up.

A cohort was established from a database of all persons admitted to psychiatric wards in Iceland from 1983 to 2008. Those who became 18 during the study period 1983-2007 were selected for this analysis. The outcomes were the diagnosis at first diagnosis, and within 1, 2, 5 or 10 years, after first admission for the following diagnostic groups; substance use disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, schizophrenia and related disorders were studied using descriptive methods.

Some 4959 were included in the study, 50.4% were men (n=2504). Mean (sd) age at first admission was 27 (± 6.1) years. Most or 51% (2542/4959) were admitted more than once during the study period. Of those who were ever diagnosed with an SUD 87% (2214/2535) received an SUD diagnosis at first admission. In mood disorders, 80% (1771/2203) and anxiety disorders 76% were diagnosed at first admission. Only 67% (372/559) of those ever diagnosed with schizophrenia or similar and 60% (663/1098) of those ever diagnosed with personality disorders received the diagnosis at first admission.

In register-based research diagnosis at first admission is a good indicator for SUD and mood disorders, but less so for personality disorders and schizophrenia or related disorders.

There are often substantial delays before diagnosis and initiation of treatment in people bipolar disorder. Increased delays are a source of considerable morbidity among affected individuals.

To investigate the factors associated with delays to diagnosis and treatment in people with bipolar disorder.

Retrospective cohort study using electronic health record data from the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) from 1364 adults diagnosed with bipolar disorder. The following predictor variables were analysed in a multivariable Cox regression analysis on diagnostic delay and treatment delay from first presentation to SLaM: age, gender, ethnicity, compulsory admission to hospital under the UK Mental Health Act, marital status and other diagnoses prior to bipolar disorder.

The median diagnostic delay was 62 days (interquartile range: 17–243) and median treatment delay was 31 days (4–122). Compulsory hospital admission was associated with a significant reduction in both diagnostic delay (hazard ratio 2.58, 95% CI 2.18–3.06) and treatment delay (4.40, 3.63–5.62). Prior diagnoses of other psychiatric disorders were associated with increased diagnostic delay, particularly alcohol (0.48, 0.33–0.41) and substance misuse disorders (0.44, 0.31–0.61). Prior diagnosis of schizophrenia and psychotic depression were associated with reduced treatment delay.

Some individuals experience a significant delay in diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder, particularly those with alcohol/substance misuse disorders. These findings highlight a need to better identify the symptoms of bipolar disorder and offer appropriate treatment sooner in order to facilitate improved clinical outcomes. This may include the development of specialist early intervention services.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Swedish accommodation to EU-policy has weakened state control over the alcohol supply as well as increased the inflow of drugs. Limiting alcohol and drug consumption must thus occur through reducing demand. As the Internet is virtually a universal phenomenon, influencing alcohol and drug behaviors via an Internet-based service is therefore a natural next step. A new Swedish website for self-screening via the AUDIT- and DUDIT-questionnaires is eScreen (www.escreen.se).

Self-screening via eScreen generates user feedback and treatment recommendations. In-depth self-report is possible using the Alcohol-E and DUDIT-E. Site users can follow their progress over time in diagrams showing personal risk level as well as by writing a personal electronic diary.

During the first 18 months, 2492 user-accounts were registered, evenly distributed between genders. With regard to selection bias, approximately 65% of adult site users over 18 report harmful alcohol consumption, compared to 63% of female and 51% of male adolescent users. Screening suggests that 11% of female and 16% of male adult users are dependent on illicit drugs; for adolescents the rates are virtually identical. These results will be compared to rates from an ongoing general Swedish population study.

Internet-screening for alcohol and drug problems appeals to people with harmful alcohol and drug use. Low cost combined with the potential to reach many people could make Internet-based self-help services a cost-efficient self-help tool as well as a complement for patients in treatment for substance abuse.