Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions. Although some epidemiological studies take part in literature, which claim that traumatic life events in childhood ages are observed more in patients with OCD compared to healthy population, the number of these studies is limited. In this study, it is aimed to compare OCD patients with healthy volunteers in terms of traumatic life events in childhood ages.

With 25 consecutive patients who are diagnosed as OCD and whose treatment continues, 25 healthy controls equivalent in terms of sociodemographic features are included in the study. Sociodemographic Data Form, Childhood Age Trauma Quarter (CTQ) and Maudley Obsessive Compulsive Question List (MOCQL) are applied to the participants. Significance Value in statistical level is accepted as P < 0.05.

In OCD patient group, CTQ scores are found high in statistical level compared to healthy controls. It has been determined that there is a significant relationship between total score of MOCQL slowness subscale scores, subscale scores of sexual and emotional abuse, MOCQL rumination subscale scores and CTQ sexual abuse scores.

Compared to healthy controls, more findings of traumatic life event in childhood age are observed within OCD patients.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Proper attitudes by medical students can impact on the quality of health care delivered to their patients. Negative attitude toward person with mental illness may form a barrier for patients to receive appropriate care.

The aim of this study is to determine the attitudes of medical students toward mentally ill and to investigate impact of medical education on attitude among medical students.

The study comprised 200 clinical &135 basic science medical students at the medical school of Shiraz university who agreed to participate. Community Attitudes towards the Mentally Ill questionnaire were used to assess attitude toward mental illness The tool focuses on measuring levels of authoritarianism, benevolence, social restrictiveness and community mental health ideology.

There was little difference in attitudes about mental illness Between basic science- and clinical medical student except for restrictiveness (p value< 0.05).This difference also was noted between male and female student with higher restrictiveness in female students . 70% of our student have familiarity with someone who have mental illness . Pearson correlation test show significant correlation between familiarity with mental illness and community ideology sub dimension p value< 0.009.

Our sample overly have positive attitude about mental illness ,but there is no significant positive correlation between years of studying in medical university and attitude about mental illness . Medical school need to develop new curricula to convey scientific information to students and implementing and evaluating suitable programs leading to appropriate attitude development.

DSM 5 (2013) solicits more empirical data on Internet Addiction (IA) before its inclusion in the Manual.

The objective of the present study was to deepen the relation between internet use and abuse among adolescents and attachment variables. AIMS The aim of the study was to define a psychological profile of adolescents that may enable to discriminate the variables that mark the border between internet use and abuse.

435 adolescents (F=221; M=214) aged 13 to 18 years (mean=15,25; S.D.=1,75) completed the following measures: BFAS -The Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (Andreassen, et. Al. 2012); SPQ - Shorter Promis Questionnaire (Italian adaptaation Baiocco et.al. 2005); MPIQ - Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire (Walsh et.al., 2010); UCLA - Loniless Scale (Russel, 1996); Self Disclosure Online (Schouten et.al. 2007); IPPA – Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsed e Greenberg, 1989; SCL-90 - Symptom Check List (Derogatis, 1980) Camir (Pierrehumbert 1996).

Data showed that ‘digital’ identity is common within the new multitasking generation of not-clinical adolescents, whereas internet abuse is linked to psychic vulnerability and to emotional neglect.

Attachment security, as manifested by secure perception of attachment to parents and friends, the capacity to express emotions, the ability to balance online and offline friendships and psychological wellbeing predict an adequate use of Facebook, preventing internet abuse.

Cannabis use can both increase and reduce anxiety in humans. The neurophysiological substrates of these effects are unknown.

Fifteen healthy English-native right-handed men were studied on three separate occasions using an event-related fMRI paradigm while viewing faces that implicitly elicited different levels of anxiety. Each scanning session was preceded by the ingestion of either 10mg of D-9-THC, 600mg of CBD, or a placebo, in a double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled design. Electrodermal activity (Skin Conductance Response, SCR) and objective and subjective ratings of anxiety were recorded durign the scanning.

D-9THC increased anxiety, as well as levels of intoxication, sedation and psychotic symptoms, whereas there was a trend for a reduction in anxiety following administration of CBD. The number of SCR fluctuations during the processing of intensely fearful faces increased following administration of D-9THC but decreased following administration of CBD. CBD attenuated the BOLD signal in the amygdala and the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex while subjects were processing intensely fearful faces, and its suppression of the amygdalar and posterior cingulate responses was correlated with the concurrent reduction in SCR fluctuations. D-9-THC mainly modulated activation in frontal and parietal areas.

D-9-THC and CBD had clearly distinct effects on the neural, eclectrodermal and symptomatic response to fearful faces. The effects of CBD on activation in limbic and paralimbic regions may contribute to its ability to reduce autonomic arousal and subjective anxiety, whereas the anxiogenic effects of D-9-THC may be related to effects in other brain regions.

Clozapine is the first option for treatment-resistant schizophrenia, affecting about 20–30% of all patients. Weight gain, sedation, hypotension and hypersalivation are common and well-known adverse effects associated with clozapine. However, it is also important to be aware of uncommon adverse effects, like parotitis.

We report a case of clozapine-induced parotitis.

Literature was accessed through Pudmed, using the search terms parotitis and clozapine.

A 36-year-old male with paranoid schizophrenia, whose psychotic symptoms have responded only slightly to two antipsychotic trial, with both haloperidol and olanzapine. Therefore, he began treatment with clozapine with the dose titrated to 400 mg/day. At first, the only registered adverse effect was hypersalivation. Eventually, after 3 months of treatment, he developed a unilateral swelling of the left parotid gland. Bacterial and viral parotitis were ruled out and the diagnosis of clozapine-induced parotitis was evoked. Patient scored 5 in the Parotitis-Specific Criteria Modified Naranjo Probability Scale. Symptomatic medication was initiated with paracetamol and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory with a favorable outcome.

There are few reports of clozapine-induced parotitis, a very rare and poorly known adverse effect with an unknown pathophysiology. Early recognition and proper management are essential to reduce morbidity associated with the treatment. There is no consensus how to manage these adverse effect, however, generally it is not necessary to discontinue the treatment.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The basic role of cerebellar dysfunctions in schizophrenia pathophysiology is already well-known. Importantly, cerebellar signs such as gait and balance coordination deficits are objectively manifested and measurable. However, both early detection and treatment monitoring of the illness are still-based mainly on subjective psychopathological symptoms.

To introduce an objective and quantitative approach to the cerebellar gait and balance disorders in schizophrenia.

An original (internationally patented) method for objective equilibriometric quantification of stepping locomotion (a kind of motion analysis system) was developed and then applied repetitively in 230 schizophrenic patients and 230 well-matched healthy controls.

Subclinical but objectively measurable equilibriometric locomotor ataxia (ELA) was identified in a large proportion of the investigated patients. Its severity fluctuated along with the changes in the clinical state. As a rule, the degree of ELA transiently increases during psychotic exacerbation and gradually returns to its prepsychotic level during therapeutic remission. Data analysis revealed that the basic (prepsychotic and postpsychotic) ELA could be viewed as a new schizotaxic biomarker (trait-marker) for schizophrenia, while the degree of its severity could serve as a new objectively measurable state-marker for psychosis. Besides, its dynamics during antipsychotic treatment might be used as an objective measure of the therapeutic response (a kind of surrogate pharmacodynamic biomarker).

Objective quantification of the ELA allows for early detection of subclinical signs of cerebellar ataxia (or schizotaxia) in individuals at high-risk for schizophrenia, whereas in psychotic patients it permits their objective antipsychotic-treatment monitoring.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

This study presents an initial evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Dynamic Occupation Assessment of Executive Function (DOAEF), a new tool designed to assess adolescents’ executive function (EF) in daily situations and offering two levels of mediation through the administration process.

In the preliminary study, we tested 22 healthy adolescents. In the advanced stage, the instrument was administered to 105 healthy adolescents and to another 92 adolescents diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Information regarding EF was assessed by the DOAEF and Wisconsin Card Sorting Computer Version Test (WCST-CV-64).

Inter-rater, test–retest and internal consistency indices were found to be satisfactory. Correlation between the DOAEF and the WCST-CV-64 scores supports the DOAEF's convergent validity. Significant differences were found between the healthy participants and the adolescents diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, thus supporting the DOAEF's criterion validity.

The DOAEF may be useful in assessing the level of mediation, which patients need for the comprehension of daily situations in which EFs are required.

Dissociative disorders are characterized by disturbances of integration of memory, perception, consciousness or identity. They were linked to psychological stress or trauma across various cultures. Dissociative amnesia and fugue, depersonalization disorder, dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified (such as Ganser syndrome) belong to dissociative disorders in DSM-IV-TR. in contrast to DSM-IV-TR, ICD-10 also subsumes the conversion disorder under the category of dissociative (conversion) disorders.

This work's objective is establishing greater recognition of the neural correlates of dissociative disorders.

We review neuroimaging data pertaining to dissociative amnesia and fugue, depersonalization disorder, dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder), Ganser syndrome and various forms of conversion disorder, which were obtained with functional and structural imaging techniques, including diffusion tensor imaging or magnetization transfer ratio measurements.

In addition to own imaging data from patients with dissociative amnesia and fugue, a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on the neuroimaging of dissociative disorders was performed.

Neuroimaging research data point to metabolic and sometimes even structural brain alterations in dissociative disorders, involving regions that are agreed upon to play roles in mnemonic processing, self referential processing (including body schema), perception, consciousness and/or emotional processing.

The use of functional and newer structural brain imaging methods has improved and will continue to further our understanding of the neural correlates of dissociative disorders and has provided evidence that environmentally-driven (stress-related) alterations of cognition, identity, body schema, perception, affectivity and behavior are accompanied by metabolic and even structural brain changes.

The growing focus on health promotion and wellbeing provides an opportunity to investigate the role of resilience in health.

1) To identify the relationship between resilience, depressive symptoms, and perceived social support among university students in Jordan, and 2) to examine the prediction power of depressive symptoms and social support for resilience among university students in Jordan.

Data collected using self-reported questionnaire from 480 university students from two private and two public universities in Jordan. Data collected in regards to resilience, depressive symptoms, and perceived social support.

The results showed that 50% of the university students in this study had moderate to high level of resiliency, 70% had certain degree of depressive feeling, and about 50% had had high level of perception of social support from family, friends, and others. The findings also showed that depression (β = – .51, p < .001) and perceived social support from friends (β = .18, p < .001) were significant predictors of resilience.

Mental health professionals need to be increasingly aware of correlates of resilience among university students for better planning and promotion of mental psychological wellbeing

Mindfulness based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) is a standardized meditation program which has been proposed as a therapeutic option for the prevention of relapses in patients suffering from major depression (MD). The aim of the present review and meta-analysis is to provide an estimate of the efficacy of MBCT for MD patients.

A literature search was undertaken using MEDLINE, ISI web of knowledge, the Cochrane database, Google scholar and references of retrieved articles. Controlled studies investigating the efficacy of MBCT for MD were entered in the Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager Software (RevMan version 5.0).

Reviewed data showed that MBCT in adjunct to usual care was significantly better than usual care alone for reducing MD relpases in patients with 3 or more past episodes of MD. MBCT plus gradual discontinuation of maintenance antidepressants was similar to continuation of antidepressants alone with respect to relapse prevention. The augmentation of MBCT could be useful for patients with current residual symptoms of depression as well.

Current studies showed preliminary evidence about the efficacy of MBCT for patients with 3 or more past episodes of depression and for currently depressed patients with residual symptoms. However, methodological shortcomings of reviewed studies including small sample size, frequent lack of replications and the absence of studies comparing MBCT to control groups designed to distinguish specific from non specific effects of meditation imply the necessity for further research.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, caused by the use of specific treatments as well as health factors directly related to those processes. One of the high-frequency side effects in patients treated with classic and atypical antipsychotics is hyperprolactinemia. It causes alterations in neuroendocrine sphere (amenorrhea, galactorrhea, gynecomastia…), and other mid- and long-term effects (osteoporosis, cardiovascular risk increase and increased risk of developing cancers - specifically in breasts and endometrium).

Check hyperprolactinemia induction by maintained treatment with atypical antipsychotics.

A naturalistic prospective study was conducted following 75 patients on maintenance treatment with a single atypical antipsychotic during 24 months. Anthropometric and laboratory data were collected, along with the presence of different endocrine-metabolic during the 2-year study alterations.

Changes in prolactin levels were found in a large number of patients, with statistically significant differences between 0 (basal) and 24 months (Basal [M = 26.27; SD = 21], 2 years [M = 38.08, SD = 34.65]; t = −2.758; P = 0.013], with hyperprolactinemia increasing from 46.6% of patients at baseline to 65.5% at 2 years, mainly with paliperidone and risperidone long acting injection (statistically significant increase in both cases) (Fig. 1).

Paliperidone and risperidone long acting injectable induce increased prolactin levels in patients in long-term antipsychotic treatment.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.