The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

No significant relationships.

The education and training of doctors specialising in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (CAP) varies substantially across Europe. There is a paucity of information available about training quality. This prompted an initial training survey led by Dr E Barrett (2010) which was expanded upon by the CAP working group in the 2010 EFPT international forum in Dubrovnik to create ‘country reports’ for 2010–2011.

The objectives of this study were to collect information relating to key aspects of CAP training programmes in Europe in a systematic way in order to start a ‘Training Database’ that can be held centrally by the EFPT. Information will be added to the database every year following EFPT annual international meetings.

We aim to better understand the training structures in CAP across europe to help inform best practice standards for training.

A pro-forma word document was emailed to all EFPT CAP contacts: there were 20 contacts emailed.

So far we have a response rate of over 60% and we are continuing to collect and collate relevant data. This survey highlighted a large variation in CAP training across Europe. It represents the basis for systematic data collection on an international level, and will help focus on areas where CAP training could be improved.

This survey highlights a large variation in CAP training across Europe. It represents the basis for systematic data collection on an international level, and will help focus on areas where CAP training could be improved.

Cost-effectiveness analysis needs to be considered when introducing new tools and treatments to clinical services. The number of new assessment tools in mental health has rapidly expanded, including suicide risk assessment. Such suicide-based assessments, when linked to preventative interventions, are integral to high-quality mental health care for people with severe mental illness (SMI). We examined the cost implications of implementing Oxford Mental Illness and Suicide (OxMIS), an evidence-based, scalable suicide risk assessment tool that provides probabilistic estimates of suicide risk over 12 months for people with SMI in England.

We developed a decision analytic model using secondary data to estimate the potential cost-effectiveness of incorporating OxMIS into clinical decision-making in secondary care as compared to usual care. Cost-effectiveness was measured in terms of costs per quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained. Uncertainty was addressed with deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis.

Conducting suicide risk assessment with OxMIS was potentially cheaper than clinical risk assessment alone by £250 (95% confidence interval, −786;31) to £599 (−1,321;−156) (in 2020–2021 prices) per person with SMI and associated with a small increase in quality of life (0.01 [−0.03;0.05] to 0.01 QALY, [−0.04;0.07]). The estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of implementing OxMIS was cost saving. Using probabilistic sensitivity analysis, 99.96% of 10,000 simulations remained cost saving.

Cost-effectiveness analysis can be conducted on risk prediction models. Implementing one such model that focuses on suicide risk in a high-risk population can lead to cost savings and improved health outcomes, especially if explicitly linked to preventative treatments.

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Music has been said to be emotion’s language. Research confirms a link between music structure and triggered emotions.

To assess the relationship between selected music excerpts and the emotions trigged, in order that the former will be used in future research.

An anonymous study was performed in April 2019 on 65 subjects of both sexes, aged 19- 33 (mean=21,09; SD=3,05).Subjects listened 4 excerpts of music, believed to be related either to excitement or to calmness, and answered to a questionary on emotion’s triggered by each exposure.

Regarding to the music excerpts that were believed to induce excitement 80% of the subjects mentioned exciting emotions, 78% enjoyed the music while 78% didn’t knew them. For the ones that were believed to induce calmness 69% of the subjects mentioned calm emotions, 84% enjoyed the music and 62% didn’t knew the music. In an excerpt of music related to calmness, we observed association between knowing the music and the emotion trigged (p=0,027). The triggered emotion responses were independent of liking the music (P>0,05).

In our study, independent of liking the music, the participants reported to have perceived the expected emotions triggered by musical excerpts, showing this to be a phenomenon related to music structure. Calmness perception may be also influenced by previous knowledge of the music and related experiences. The role of individual perceptions will be looked for in following studies.

No significant relationships.

Social media use has grown exponentially over the past few years, having a key role in communication among our youngsters. The impact of social media in mental health is still unclear. While some studies advocate that it increases social support and general satisfaction, others associate social media with the development of mental health issues. Social media can also perform some pressure regarding body image and eating behavior, caused by the idealistic appearance shown there in a very visual way.

This review intends to identify the existing evidence regarding social media use, its impact on body image and eating behavior.

Search performed on May 11, 2020, including articles published since January 1st, 2006, written in Portuguese, English, Spanish and French. We used the MeSH terms ‘Body dissatisfaction’, ‘Body image’, ‘Feeding and eating disorders’, ‘Eating behaviors’ and ‘Social media’. The quality and strength of recommendation of the articles were evaluated using the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) scale from the American Academy of Family Physicians.

716 articles were initially found. Eight were selected: two systematic reviews, three cohort studies, two cross-sectional studies and one observational study.

This review presents studies that establish a correlation between social media use, body image dissatisfaction and disordered eating. However, methodological and population heterogeneity can compromise the conclusions observed. With the current evidence, we can conclude that there is a relationship between the use of social media and changes in body image and/or eating behaviors in adolescents and young adults (SORT B).

No significant relationships.

Restraint theory (Herman and Polivy, 1975) suggests that human eating behaviour is under cognitive control and this leads to reduced sensitivity to internal cues for satiety, resulting in overeating in situations where cognitive control is under-mined (Johnson et al., 2012). In other words, restraint theory suggests that restraint (dieting) actually leads to leads to an excessive intake of food.

The present study sought to investigate the relationship between dieting, eating behaviours (uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, cognitive restraint) and rumination (repetitive negative thinking). The second objective was to determine whether rumination mediates the relationship between dieting and both uncontrolled eating and emotional eating.

The sample was composed of 188 women (Mage = 29.46 ± 8.94; MBMI = 23.16 ± 4.04). The Eating Attitudes Test, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire were used in the present study.

Dieting for weight control (intentional weight loss) was associated with higher levels of uncontrolled eating, emotional eating, cognitive restraint and repetitive negative thinking. Mediation analyses showed that the relationship between dieting and inappropriate eating behaviours was mediated by rumination. The direct effect of dieting on both uncontrolled eating and emotional eating was significant, suggesting partial mediation.

Our findings support the relevance of rumination in linking dieting and eating behaviours among women. The current study may have clinical applications such as the potential integration of rumination for the prevention and changes in inappropriate eating behaviours.

No significant relationships.

Teachers are confronted with increasing difficulties and demands that make them vulnerable to burnout.

To evaluate burnout among a population of Tunisian teachers and to identify factors that may be involved.

It was a cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic study, involving 165 teachers working in 10 primary schools and 7 high schools in Sfax, Tunisia. The participants completed a self-questionnaire containing their socio-demographic and professional characteristics. They were explored by the scale of the burnout: Le Maslach Burnout Inventory General Survey (MBI-GS).

The mean age of teachers was 39.96 years. The sex ratio (M:F) was 1.32. The majority (75.2%) was married. The burnout syndrome was found in 49.7% of teachers. Moderate burnout was found in 43% of cases and severe burnout in 6.7%. The causes of burnout reported by our population were bad working conditions (71.50%), quality of working relationships (65.5%) and overload work (30.3%). Bad working conditions were associated with a high level of emotional exhaustion (P < 0.005) and a low level of professional efficacy (P < 0.001), while poor quality of work relationships and overload work were associated to a high score on cynicism (P < 0.001) and a low score on professional efficacy (P < 0.001).

According to our study, poor working conditions, overload work and bad quality of relationships seem to be risk factors of burnout in teachers. Preventive measures should be instituted against those factors to reduce the constraints of work and improve the professional quality of life of these individuals, essential thing to optimize the educational level in our country.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) has inserted complex post-traumatic stress disorder (cPTSD) as a clinically distinct disorder, different from PTSD. The diagnosis of cPTSD has the same requirements for the one of PTSD, in addition to disturbances of self-organization (DSO – e.g., disturbances in relationships, affect dysregulation, and negative self-concept).

This study aimed to explore suicidality in PTSD and cPTSD. We examined also the association between clinical dimensions of hopelessness (feelings, loss of motivation, future expectations) and other symptomatologic variables.

The sample, recruited at the Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy, consisted of 189 subjects, 132 diagnosed with PTSD, and 57 with cPTSD, according to the ICD-11 criteria. Participants underwent the following clinical assessments: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90), Dissociative Experience Scale (DES), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS).

cPTSD showed significantly higher BHS-total (p = 0.01) and BHS-loss of motivation subscale (p <0.001) scores than PTSD. Besides, cPTSD showed significantly higher scores in all clinical variables except for the IES-intrusive subscale. By controlling for the confounding factor “depression”, suicidality in cPTSD (and in particular the BHS-total) appears to be correlated with IES-total score (p = 0.042) and with DES-Absorption (p = 0.02). Differently, no such correlations are found in PTSD.

Our study shows significant symptomatologic differences between PTSD and cPTSD, including suicidality. Indeed, suicidality in cPTSD appears to be correlated with the “loss of motivation” dimension, which fits well within the ICD-11 criteria of DSO.

No significant relationships.

To evaluate the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of PSDQ Parenting Styles And Dimensions Questionnaire, PSDQ.

443 parents whose children aged 6 to 16 who lived in Chongqing were selected. 52 of them were retested 6 weeks later in order to assess the retest reliability. Determination of reliability include:internal consistency: to calculate Cronbach coefficient; coefficient of retest reliability: to calculate Person correlation of results of the results in every subscale in twice measurements of 52 parents. Determination of validity: content validity, structural validity, discriminant validity, confirmatory factor analysis.

For each subscale and factor, the values of kappa for inter - rater reliability were 0.625 to 0.884 (p < 0. 05); retest reliability were 0.537 to 0.832 (p < 0. 05) ; The scores of the subscale in the PSDQ were correlated with each factor significantly (coefficient of correlation: 0.732 to 0.951,p < 0. 05) and the coefficient of correlation is more than those between each factor of this subscale(coefficient of correlation: 0.382-0.834,p < 0. 05). Maker of confirmatory factor analysis show met the criteria standard for adequacy of fit. CMIN/df: 2.218-3.745; TLI: 0.808-0.920; RMSEA: 0.052-0.079; MECVI of default model is very close to that of saturated model, most of proliferation index are more than 0.8.

Parenting Styles And Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) has good reliability and validity, in line with requirements of Psychometric is useful as a tool to evaluate the parenting styles from parents.

Excellence ix xedical training xnd specializatxon is nx xonger restricted tonxtional perspectixes. In an ever-growixx gloxal excxxnge of people and ideas, we feel theneed to pxovide a programme ofxering psychiatry trainees to gather xnxerculxural expxrience.

The EFPT (Xxxxxxxx Federation of Psychiatry Trainees) Exchxnge Programmeaims to promote an intercultural xrofessional exchange and cooxeratxon among psychiatrytrainees, giving the opportunitx xo engage xn local activities, gainixg experxence with diversemental health systems, with different illness xanifxstations and treatment options, xlus toexperiexce a distinct traxnxnx programxe.

To sxt up the first European Psychiatry Exchange Programme.

Thx EFPT Exchange has, so far, the participation of 7 countries offerinx hoxtinstitutions: Crxatia, Denmark, France, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and United Kingdom. It offers2-6 weeks obserxational pxacxxexts. There are 2 main application periods each year: winxerand summer. Advertising was xone via the EFPT network of trainees by xmail andlocally.The selection criteria included: motivatixn letter, CV, language proficiency andseniority in training.

This first applicatxon period had 36 applications, and candidates were trainees in11 differext countries: Croatia, Finland, Franxe, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Romaxia, Serbia,Spain, Turkey and United Kingdom.

Taking xnto account the high impact of an ever-growing mobility of patxentsand doctors, xhx XXXX promotes intercultural learning for improving the mental health caresexxice for xhe next generation of psychiatrists. In xhe future, we expxct to haxe moreplacements and mxre xarticipating countries.

Sham-controlled studies of neurofeedback are aimed to provide evidence-based data regarding its efficacy. However, a sophisticated sham procedure may turn out to be an intervention rather that a neutral control.

Data from a single-case cross-over sham-controlled study of NF in migraine were analyzed to access the effects of sham-NF. The study included 5 females with chronic migraine and was divided into 4 phases: pre-evaluation (≥ 2 weeks), treatment 1 (5 weeks), treatment 2 (5 weeks), post-evaluation (≥ 2 weeks), where treatment 1 and 2 included 10 infra-low frequency NF and 10 sham-NF sessions at T3T4 site in randomized order. Participants filled out a computerized diary about headache and emotions.

Sham-NF resulted in some reduction of the level of tension (0.8 ± 0.7 vs. 1.1 ± 0.5, P = 0.1) and anxiety (0.56 ± 0.5 vs. 0.95 ± 0.4, P = 0.07) as measured by the mean value in the diary (rating from 0 - no emotion, to 3 - very intense). While the total frequency of headache was not influenced by sham-NF (40 ± 11% vs. 40 ± 7% days, P = 1), a tendency towards an increase in quantity of severe headaches (42 ± 18% vs. 20 ± 18% days, P = 0.07) and in the need for drug intake (74 ± 27% vs. 44 ± 30% days, P = 0.07) was observed. We supposed that expectation of feedback and failure to receive it during sham sessions may have possible negative effects, while frequent visits to the clinic and contact with the therapist may explain reduction in anxiety.

Sham-NF seems to have both placebo and nocebo effects, which should be considered during interpretation of results of the studies.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Eye movement recordings can provide information about higher-level processing of visual information. Recent evidence shows a novel role for eye vergence in orienting attention (Solé Puig et al., 2013). Based on such eye tracking data, the BGaze method (Braingaze; Spain) detects visual attention. The outcomes of the BGaze method have been applied to classify ADHD patients from healthy controls.

In this study, we validated the BGaze method.

We therefore recorded eye movements in children while performing a visual detection task.

We evaluated the BGaze method using 4 types of supervised machine learning algorithms. In total, 138 different trained models were tested. Nineteen ADHD diagnosed patients (children 7–14 years of age) and 19 healthy age matched controls were used to build the 138 models. We performed 30 times repeated random sub-sampling validation. In each repeated random split, training set consisted of 80% of the data and test set of the remaining 20%. Finally, all the 138 models were tested with a validation set consisting of 232 children, including 22 ADHD patients.

Across all the 138 models, BGaze method showed an average accuracy of 90.84% (minimum 86.21%; maximum, 95.26%) and an average AUC of 0.95 (minimum 0.90; maximum, 0.97). Best models gave accuracies of 92%, AUCs of 0.96 and FN and FP rates of 4.3% and 7.5%, respectively. Mean scores during the training-testing phase averaged 99.63%.

The BGaze method is robust, accurate, and can provide an objective tool supporting the clinical diagnosis of ADHD.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Test anxiety is a multidimensional phenomenon, including concerns about conflicts lead to negative emotional and behavioral responses in academic scores.

Current study examines the influence of educating time management on decreasing exam Anxiety and educational negligence of conditioned university students on Tehran.

The method of doing study is of testing in which statistical society includes conditioned university students of Tehran. Of general statistical society, we have selected 20 persons by in access sampling method. Gathering information instrument in this study is Solomon and Roth bloom's educational negligence questionnaire and sarason test anxiety in which has been in access of studied sample after testing its stability and narration.

After education, the result of t-test dependent and co-variance analysis has shown time management education does have meaningful influence on decreasing test stress and conditioned university students negligence on Tehran universities.

Dropped students compared to other students, provided a significant contingent of students had less time management and procrastination.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The aim of this study is to present two cases of Silver–Russel Syndrome patients with behavioural problems. The male is diagnosed with ADHD, and the female shows antisocial behaviour.

Russell–Silver syndrome (RSS) is a rare disorder characterized by intrauterine growth retardation and postnatal growth deficiency along with a handful of common physical characteristics and a range of other symptoms.

Clinical observation, tests (EEG, psychological tests – IQ scale, JEPQ, Projective techniques) and interviews with the patients and their parents and foster parents.

S.H. (20 years) – is opponent, aggressive, refuses every kind of cooperation with delayed mental development.

V.M. (10 years) – premature baby (born in the sixth month) in a 40 years old mother (second pregnancy); blind on right eye and very low vision on the left eye; lost both of his parents at the age of 1.6 in a car accident; had several operations and is always under some treatments. V.M. had low school performance. The foster parent noticed that he has an attention deficit. Besides, he is very aggressive verbally and physically, has low frustration tolerance, borderline intelligence.

According to several studies that claims that patients with Silver–Russel syndrome have behavioural problems and among them, the most common are attention deficit problems; our study improves that hypothesis. Both of our patients have attention deficit problems.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.